EAGER: Collaborative: Design, Perception, and Action - Engineering Information Give-Away

社交媒体界面的设计极大地决定了人们在多大程度上以及何时决定披露私人信息。例如，设计师可以突出显示新的系统功能(例如，地图上显示的您的旅行历史)，并显示哪些朋友正在使用这一新添加的功能。通过让它看起来好像分享是一种规范--毕竟，你的朋友们正在这样做--设计师向最终用户发出信号，他可以也应该参与并分享信息。这项研究聚焦于两个广泛的主题：设计选择对改变用户认为适合分享的内容以及与谁分享有什么影响？规范如何与设计相互作用来影响这些决策？理解披露决定是如何做出和操纵的至关重要，因为公司和个人的利益可能截然不同。这是因为规范塑造可以用于善意的目的，例如通过不熟悉的界面引导最终用户，但也可以用于操纵最终用户并使他或她共享他或她希望保密的信息。这种设计模式可以以两种方式使用的事实使它们特别有趣：用户无法推断设计师的意图，政策制定者和善意的设计师也没有机制来评估他们的设计选择的规范塑造属性。这项研究有助于开发工具来研究用户界面作为社会规范的体现以及对隐私和在线共享的更广泛的讨论。具体的研究目标是：(A)识别塑造披露规范的设计模式，(B)通过实验确定它们的工作机制(例如，模式如何改变对规范的感知从而改变行为)，以及(C)将这些观察结果整合到现有的理论框架中(例如，“隐私演算”)，以模拟如何做出披露决策。PIS计划利用实验来确定设计对社会规范感知和随后的信息泄露行为的影响。这些实验将实验经济学的方法与人机交互(HCI)方法结合起来。此外，PI将对隐私计算模型的扩展进行计量经济学测试，该模型包括对规范合规性的偏好，估计个人在隐私保护行为和对共享规范的合规性之间进行权衡的意愿。这项研究将展示如何使用不同学科的工具来加强对隐私和人机界面设计的理解。结果将反馈给隐私、经济和人机界面社区。

The design of social media interfaces greatly shapes how much, and when, people decide to reveal private information. For example, a designer can highlight a new system feature (e.g., your travel history displayed on a map) and show which friends are using this new addition. By making it seem as if sharing is the norm -- after all, your friends are doing it -- the designer signals to the end-user that he can and should participate and share information. This research focuses on two broad themes: what are the effects of design choices on changing what users think is appropriate to share and with whom? and how do norms interact with design to impact these decisions? Understanding how disclosure decisions are made and manipulated is critical as corporate and individual interests can be quite different. This is because norm-shaping can be used for benevolent purposes, such as guiding the end-user through an unfamiliar interface, but can also be used to manipulate the end-user and cause him or her to share information he or she would have preferred to keep private. The fact that such design patterns can be used both ways makes them particularly interesting: the user has no way of inferring the designer's intent, and policy makers and well intentioned designers have no mechanism for assessing the norm-shaping properties of their design choices. This research contributes to the development of tools to study user interfaces as embodiments of social norms as well as contributing more broadly to the discourse of privacy and sharing online.The specific research goals are to (a) identify design patterns that shape disclosure norms, (b) experimentally determine the mechanisms by which they work (e.g., how patterns modify perception of norms and thus behavior), and (c) integrate these observations into existing theoretical frameworks (e.g., the "privacy calculus") that model how disclosure decisions are made. The PIs plan to use experiments to identify the impact of design on the perception of social norms and subsequent information divulging behavior. The experiments combine methodologies from experimental economics with Human Computer Interaction (HCI) methods. Additionally, the PIs will test econometrically an extension of the privacy calculus model that includes a preference for norm compliance, estimating an individual's willingness to trade-off between privacy preserving behavior and compliance with sharing norms. This research will demonstrate how tools from different disciplines can be used to enhance understanding of design in privacy and HCI. The results would feed back to the privacy, economics, and HCI communities.