Collaborative Research: EAGER--Improved Detection and Quantification of Wind Gusts

极端大风事件会对建筑物和交通造成重大影响。观测风的主要方法是地面气象站和气象雷达。气象站非常准确，但它们的间隔很广，错过了许多小规模的风事件。气象雷达能够一次观察到大面积的区域，但只能观察到地球表面以上的风。一组研究人员正在测试一种利用地震数据来感知阵风的新方法。众所周知，风具有地震信号，事实上，固体地球科学家认为这些测量结果是噪音。这项研究拨款将有助于确定地震数据中的噪音是否真的有助于确定阵风的强度和位置。如果这个信号被证明是有用的，它可能会对大气科学界产生很大的影响，因为地震阵列相对便宜，而且总是在收集数据。改进的风力数据对天气和气候模型、结构规范和风能都有潜在的影响。一名早期职业博士后研究员也将获得该奖项的支持。研究人员计划进行一项研究，以确定地震阵列在多大程度上可以用来量化阵风的发生、强度和方向，以及持续的强风速。这项研究将利用美国国家科学基金会EarthScope项目的可移动阵列（TA）和一些气象站来进行分析。提出了以下研究问题：a)在什么条件下地面大风会在地震仪中产生信号？b)这种情况发生的频率是多少？c)阵风震级与地震反应是否有一致的关系？d) b)和c)的形式在空间上是否一致？e)确定了多少个误报？f)阵风信号在背景持续风范围内是否可区分？g)在多大程度上可以用地震资料量化与大阵风无关的高风速期？h) USArray地震仪记录的两个水平分量可以用来给出“攻角”吗？

Extreme winds events can have substantial impacts on structures and transportation. The main methods for observing winds are ground-based weather stations and weather radar. Weather stations are highly accurate, but they are widely spaced and miss many small-scale wind events. Weather radars are able to view large areas at once, but are only looking at winds well above the surface of the earth. A group of researchers is testing a novel method to use seismic data to sense wind gusts. Wind is known to have a seismic signal, and in fact solid earth scientists regard these measurements as noise. This research grant will help to determine whether the noise seen in seismic data is actually useful for determining the intensity and location of wind gusts. If the signal proves to be useful, it could have a large impact on the atmospheric science community because seismic arrays are relatively inexpensive and are always collecting data. Improved wind data has potential implications for weather and climate models, structural codes, and wind energy. An early career postdoctoral researcher will also be supported by this award.The researchers plan a study to determine the degree to which seismic arrays can be used to quantify the occurrence, intensity and directional orientation of wind gusts and intense sustained wind speeds. This research will make use of the Transportable Array (TA) of the NSF EarthScope program and a number of meteorological stations to perform the analysis. The following research questions are posed: a) Under what conditions do high surface winds produce a signal in the seismometers? b) At what frequencies does this occur? c) Is there a consistent relationship between wind gust magnitude and seismic response? d) Are the forms of b) and c) spatially consistent? e) How many false positives are identified? f) Are gust signatures differentiable across range of background sustained winds? g) To what degree are periods of high wind speeds not associated with large magnitude gusts quantifiable using seismic data? h) Can the two horizontal components recorded by the USArray seismometers be used to give the "angle of attack"?