Collaborative Research: Triggering of Antarctic Icequakes, Slip Events, and other Tectonic Phenomena by Distant Earthquakes

南极洲大陆的表面积与美国大陆大致相同，尽管我们对它的地质和地震活动知之甚少。在过去的几十年里，跨国公司对地球物理基础设施的投资，特别是宽带地震仪的运行，使我们能够观察到许多有趣的自然现象，包括冰山崩解，冰流滑动和构造地震。为了特别利用这些过去的投资，我们将分析过去和当前的数据，以更好地了解南极地震活动。我们最近的研究表明，世界其他地方发生的某些大地震引发了整个南极洲各个站附近的冰运动。我们计划使用尖端的计算技术对可用数据进行详尽的搜索，以发现冰裂缝，冰流滑动和地震期间地球运动的更多证据。我们研究的一个具体重点将包括调查其中一些现象是否可能由外部影响引发，包括来自遥远地震，海洋潮汐或季节性融化的传递表面波。我们计划制作一份已确定活动的目录并公开分享，以便公众和研究人员可以轻松访问它。为了接触更广泛的受众，我们将在德克萨斯州奥斯汀和格鲁吉亚亚特兰大大都市区的高中课堂上进行讲座，包括大学先修课程，重点是地震危险，气候变化和南极洲地理的一般方面。该项目将为大学生提供研究机会，为研究生提供培训，并为一名职业初期的科学家提供支助，近年来，除了为短期（不到3年）实验而部署的台站（例如AGAP/TAMSEIS）外，还在整个南极洲部署了新一代的大地测量和地震仪器，作为永久台站（POLENET）。这些努力提供了解决有关地壳规模构造和冰盖及其相互作用的基本问题所需的关键基础设施。 我们计划对南极洲的构造和冰震活动进行系统的探测，主要侧重于背景地震活动、远程触发地震活动和冰川滑动事件。我们提出的任务包括：（1）确定整个南极大陆的地震活动的构造和冰源。(2)在过去~15年的全球重大地震中南极洲额外触发事件的详尽搜索。(3)通过使用匹配过滤器分析（其中触发的本地事件用于检测类似事件）分析多年数据，确定触发源机制以及这些触发事件是否也发生在其他时间。(4)对惠兰斯冰平原约5.5年的GPS测量结果进行进一步分析，这表明粘滑事件的触发发生在最大地震之后。更好地了解南极冰盖如何应对外部扰动，如来自遥远的大地震和最近的冰卸载的动态应力，可以导致更好地了解冰故障和相关的动态过程。通过利用过去十年在南极洲安装地震仪的巨大后勤投资，我们的项目将建立一个详尽的构造地震，冰震，冰解事件和任何其他可检测的近地表地震现象的目录。

The continent of Antarctica has approximately the same surface area as the continental United States, though we know significantly less about its underlying geology and seismic activity. Multinational investments in geophysical infrastructure over the last few decades, especially broadband seismometers operating for several years, are allowing us to observe many interesting natural phenomena, including iceberg calving, ice stream slip, and tectonic earthquakes. To specifically leverage those past investments, we will analyze past and current data to gain a better understanding of Antarctic seismicity. Our recent research revealed that certain large earthquakes occurring elsewhere in the world triggered ice movement near various stations throughout Antarctica. We plan to conduct an exhaustive search of the terabytes of available data, using cutting-edge computational techniques, to uncover additional evidence for ice crevassing, ice stream slip, and earth movement during earthquakes. One specific focus of our research will include investigating whether some of these phenomena may be triggered by external influences, including passing surface waves from distant earthquakes, ocean tides, or seasonal melt. We plan to produce a catalog of the identified activity and share it publicly, so the public and researchers can easily access it. To reach a broader audience, we will present talks to high school classes, including Advanced Placement classes, in the Austin, Texas and Atlanta, Georgia metropolitan areas with emphasis on general aspects of seismic hazard, climate variability, and the geographies of Antarctica. This project will provide research opportunities for undergraduates, training for graduate students, and support for an early-career scientist.In recent years, a new generation of geodetic and seismic instrumentation has been deployed as permanent stations throughout Antarctica (POLENET), in addition to stations deployed for shorter duration (less than 3 years) experiments (e.g. AGAP/TAMSEIS). These efforts are providing critical infrastructure needed to address fundamental questions about both crustal-scale tectonic structures and ice sheets, and their interactions. We plan to conduct a systematic detection of tectonic and icequake activities in Antarctica, focusing primarily on background seismicity, remotely-triggered seismicity, and glacier slip events. Our proposed tasks include: (1) Identification of seismicity throughout the Antarctic continent for both tectonic and ice sources. (2) An exhaustive search for additional triggered events in Antarctica during the last ~15 years of global significant earthquakes. (3) Determination of triggered source mechanisms and whether those triggered events also occur at other times, by analyzing years of data using a matched-filter analysis (where the triggered local event is used to detect similar events). (4) Further analysis of GPS measurements over a ~5.5 year period from Whillans Ice Plain, which suggests that triggering of stick-slip events occurred after the largest earthquakes. An improved knowledge of how the Antarctic ice sheet responds to external perturbations such as dynamic stresses from large distant earthquakes and recent ice unloading could lead to a better understanding of ice failure and related dynamic processes. By leveraging the vast logistical investment to install seismometers in Antarctica over the last decade, our project will build an exhaustive catalog of tectonic earthquakes, icequakes, calving events, and any other detectable near-surface seismic phenomena.