CPS: Synergy: Collaborative Research: Fault Tolerant Brain Implantable Cyber-Physical System

CPS：协同效应：合作研究：癫痫是最常见的神经系统疾病之一，影响世界人口的0.4%至1%。虽然通过使用一种或多种抗癫痫药物（AED）可以控制大约三分之二的新诊断患者的癫痫发作，但其余患者即使使用多种药物也会出现癫痫发作。慢性癫痫病对患者的主要影响是生活质量降低、生产力下降、合并症和死亡风险增加。癫痫是一种间歇性脑疾病，并且在定位相关癫痫中，这是癫痫的最常见形式，一个或几个离散的脑区域（癫痫灶或癫痫灶）被认为是癫痫发作开始的原因。具有可植入电刺激癫痫控制装置的更近期的方法作为控制癫痫的治疗选择具有价值。这些装置直接或间接地瞄准癫痫发作病灶并试图控制其表达。在这个项目中，我们将建立一个多通道的大脑植入式设备的基础上新兴的网络物理系统（CPS）的原则。这种大脑植入式CPS设备将结合关键的设计特征，使设备可靠，可扩展，可组合，可认证和可互操作。该设备将在动物或患者的一生中运行，并持续记录大脑活动，当检测到与癫痫发作相关的活动时刺激大脑以中止即将发生的癫痫发作。癫痫等发作性大脑疾病对患者的生产力和生活质量有相当大的影响，当癫痫发作无法用药物控制时可能危及生命。本项目的目标是基于新兴的CPS原理和实践创建第二代脑植入式传感和刺激设备（BISSD）。 BISSD的发展作为一个规范化的几个定义方面，通知和说明核心CPS原则。首先，为了满足监管批准的重要挑战，提出了一个可组合的，可扩展的和可认证的框架，支持在多个物种中进行测试。第二，BISSD必须与患者完全整合，并充分了解大脑状态的每一个瞬间，包括大脑生理学和治疗干预的正常和异常表达的动态变化。因此，该项目寻求网络解决方案的紧密结合，该解决方案必须使用植入的、可适应的、分布式的和网络化的电极来监测和刺激大脑，以及物理系统，在这种情况下，物理系统是间歇性失败的人脑。第三，BISSD必须在很长一段时间内发挥作用，直到患者的生命，因为放置和取出BISSD的每次手术都伴随着风险。这一要求需要一个可靠的解决方案，该项目旨在通过了解大脑的异物反应和独特的分层容错设计来可靠地实现。第四，采用先进的显着方法来采集、压缩和分析传感器信号，以实现对癫痫发作的实时监测和控制。这个项目应该产生一个强大的，可扩展的CPS框架，用于强大的容错植入式医疗设备，具有实时处理功能，可以随着传感器，传感模式，时间序列分析，实时计算，控制，材料，电源和基础生物学知识的进步而增长。美国在控制难治性癫痫发作方面具有竞争优势。在现代，癫痫手术于20世纪70年代在美国发展，并从这里传播到世界其他地区。同样，美国在BISSD方面享有竞争优势，这一努力的成功将使美国能够建立并保持这一优势。除了癫痫，这里取得的进展预计将有利于其他神经和精神脑部疾病的治疗。

CPS: Synergy: Collaborative Research: Fault Tolerant Brain Implantable Cyber-Physical SystemEpilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders, affecting between 0.4% and 1% of the world's population. While seizures can be controlled in approximately two thirds of newly diagnosed patients through the use of one or more antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), the remainder experience seizures even on multiple medications. The primary impacts of the chronic condition of epilepsy on a patient are a lower quality of life, loss of productivity, comorbidities, and increased risk of death. Epilepsy is an intermittent brain disorder, and in localization-related epilepsy, which is the most common form of epilepsy, one or a few discrete brain areas (the seizure focus or seizure foci) are believed to be responsible for seizure initiation. More recent approaches with implantable electrical stimulation seizure control devices hold value as a therapeutic option for the control of seizures. These devices, directly or indirectly, target the seizure focus and seek to control its expression. In this project we will build a multichannel brain implantable device based on emerging cyber physical system (CPS) principles. This brain implantable CPS device will incorporate key design features to make the device dependable, scalable, composable, certifiable, and interoperable. The device will operate over the life of an animal, or a patient, and continuously record brain activity and stimulate the brain when seizure related activity is detected to abort an impending seizure.Episodic brain disorders such as epilepsy have a considerable impact on a patient's productivity and quality of life and may be life-threatening when seizures cannot be controlled with medications. The goal of this project is to create a second generation brain-implantable sensing and stimulating device (BISSD) based on emerging CPS principles and practice. The development of a BISSD as a exemplifies several defining aspects that inform and illustrate core CPS principles. First, to meet the important challenge of regulatory approval a composable, scalable and certifiable framework that supports testing in multiple species is proposed. Second, a BISSD must be wholly integrated with the patient and fully cognizant at every instant of brain state, including dynamic changes in both the normal and abnormal expression of brain physiology and therapeutic intervention. Thus, this project seeks a tight conjunction of the cyber solution that must monitor itself and monitor and stimulate the brain using implanted, adaptable, distributed, and networked electrodes, and the physical system which in this case is the intermittently failing human brain. Third, a BISSD must function for an extensive period of time, up to the life of the patient, because each surgery to place and retrieve a BISSD carries an attendant risk. This requirement necessitates a dependable solution, which this project seeks to reliably achieve through both an understanding of the brain's foreign body response and a unique hierarchical fault-tolerant design. Fourth, an advanced salient approaches to acquire, compress, and analyze sensor signals to achieve real-time monitoring and control of seizures is employed. This project should yield a powerful, scalable CPS framework for robust fault-tolerant implantable medical devices with real-time processing that can grow with advances in sensors, sensing modalities, time-series analysis, real-time computation, control, materials, power and knowledge of underlying biology. The USA has a competitive advantage in the control of seizures in medically refractory epilepsy. In the modern era, epilepsy surgery evolved in the USA in the 1970s and spread from here to other parts of the world. Similarly, the USA enjoys a competitive advantage in BISSDs, and success in this effort will enable the USA to build on and maintain this advantage. In addition to epilepsy, advances made here can be expected to benefit the treatment of other neurological and psychiatric brain disorders.