Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Award: Households And Political Transformation During State Formation

博士论文改进奖：国家形成过程中的家庭与政治转型

• 批准号: 1545199
• 负责人: Joyce Marcus
• 金额: $ 2.52万
• 依托单位: Regents of the University of Michigan - Ann Arbor
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2015
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2015-09-01 至 2017-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1545199&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Doctoral; Dissertation; Improvement; Award; Households

Researchers Lacey Carpenter and Dr. Joyce Marcus of the University of Michigan are investigating the relationship between ordinary households and a large-scale political transformation known as state formation. The contemporary world has diverse political systems, but most can also be defined as states,i.e., polities with authority concentrated in the hands of full-time political officials who hold specialized military, policy-making, or administrative positions. The emergence of state-level societies is a global political phenomenon that fundamentally changed the way leaders and subjects interact and the way governments extract and distribute resources. Analysis of early states has relevance to present day society because most of today's world is not only characterized by states (or nation-states), but many of these states are attempting to expand their territorial control over populations who resist domination and incorporation. However, these large and complex polities cannot support themselves or change without involvement from the households whose labor and resources are the foundation of larger systems. Carpenter and Marcus's investigation will be the first study of houses during the period of state formation in the Oaxaca Valley, Mexico, and the first to assess what impact the state had on household economy. Archaeology is uniquely situated to provide a long-term perspective (1) on societies and time periods that lack written records, (2) processes that occur over centuries, and (3) on the common people that comprise most of the population. The project will employ a local crew from the town of San Martín Tilcajete in Oaxaca, Mexico who will excavate houses. The project offers new research opportunities for undergraduate and graduate students who will acquire experience in an array of excavation and laboratory methods. The research concerns the development through time of the relationship between households and governing institutions. The investigators will document how households were organized before, during, and after state formation to assess the timing and extent of any changes or continuities in daily life during this volatile era. Choices made at the household level may have enabled leaders to better mobilize resources and augment and further consolidate their authority. A suite of economic, social, and ritual changes are associated with state formation: increased social stratification, taxation, full-time military service, craft specialization, full-time merchant classes, full-time priests, among others. Households may have implemented new strategies in reaction to these institutional-level changes. A study of households occupied over multiple centuries will allow investigators to document the timing of economic, social, and ritual changes, and provide a more complete understanding of state formation. The excavation of houses from the Tilcajete polity, where a secondary state emerged in response to hostilities with the pristine state centered at Monte Albán, and the creation of an inventory of the contents of each house provide data that will be used to improve our models of how household economies are tied to larger political systems, particularly during times of profound political and economic transformation.

密歇根大学的研究人员莱西·卡彭特和乔伊斯·马库斯博士正在研究普通家庭与被称为国家形成的大规模政治转型之间的关系。当代世界有多种政治制度，但大多数也可以被定义为国家，即权力集中在担任专门军事、政策制定或行政职位的全职政治官员手中的政体。国家级社会的出现是一种全球政治现象，从根本上改变了领导人和臣民互动的方式以及政府提取和分配资源的方式。对早期国家的分析与当今社会具有相关性，因为当今世界的大部分地区不仅以国家（或民族国家）为特征，而且许多国家正试图扩大对反抗统治和合并的人民的领土控制。然而，如果没有家庭的参与，这些庞大而复杂的政体就无法自给自足或发生变化，而家庭的劳动力和资源是更大系统的基础。卡彭特和马库斯的调查将是对墨西哥瓦哈卡谷国家形成期间房屋的首次研究，也是首次评估国家对家庭经济的影响。考古学具有独特的地位，可以提供长期视角：(1) 缺乏书面记录的社会和时期，(2) 几个世纪以来发生的过程，以及 (3) 构成大多数人口的普通民众。该项目将雇用来自墨西哥瓦哈卡州圣马丁蒂尔卡耶特镇的当地工作人员来挖掘房屋。该项目为本科生和研究生提供了新的研究机会，他们将获得一系列挖掘和实验室方法的经验。该研究涉及家庭与管理机构之间的关系随时间的发展。调查人员将记录国家形成之前、期间和之后家庭是如何组织的，以评估这个动荡时代日常生活中任何变化或连续性的时间和程度。在家庭层面做出的选择可能使领导人能够更好地调动资源并增强和进一步巩固他们的权威。一系列经济、社会和仪式的变化与国家的形成有关：社会分层的增加、税收、全职兵役、手工艺专业化、全职商人阶级、全职牧师等等。家庭可能已经实施了新的策略来应对这些制度层面的变化。对多个世纪以来居住的家庭的研究将使调查人员能够记录经济、社会和仪式变化的时间，并提供对国家形成的更全面的理解。蒂尔卡杰特政体（该政体是为了应对与以阿尔班山为中心的原始国家的敌对行动而出现的一个次要国家）的房屋挖掘以及对每间房屋内容物的清单的创建提供了数据，这些数据将用于改进我们的家庭经济如何与更大的政治体系联系在一起的模型，特别是在深刻的政治和经济转型时期。