Collaborative Research: RAPID: Nevado del Ruiz Volcano, Colombia: Enhancing Geodetic Observations and Digital Elevation Models in Response to Recent Activity

1985年，哥伦比亚内华达德尔鲁伊斯火山的一次相对较小的喷发导致约23,000人在Armero镇或附近丧生。火山顶部的冰川部分融化，形成了一股巨大的泥流，迅速下坡，淹没了该镇，大量的水与火山灰和岩石混合在一起。内华达德尔鲁伊斯最近的活动似乎与1985年观测到的前兆活动相似，哥伦比亚国家地质调查局（SGC）的当地科学家和这项资助的调查人员担心，在不久的将来可能会发生类似1985年事件的另一次破坏性火山泥流事件。不幸的是，尽管哥伦比亚政府努力阻止人类在内华达德尔鲁伊斯周围特别容易受到破坏性火山泥流影响的地区定居，但当地哥伦比亚人很快就忘记了这座火山过去的破坏性潜力，自1985年火山泥流爆发以来，在危险地区进行了大量开发。这项拨款与国家科学基金促进科学进步的使命是一致的。这项快速反应研究基金（Rapid）的支持将使哥伦比亚内华达德尔鲁伊斯火山的高分辨率数字高程模型（DEM）的发展与地表变形的GPS观测相结合。研究人员将使用南佛罗里达大学拥有的地面ku波段雷达、无人机航空摄影测量和Structure from Motion软件来生成一个非常高分辨率的DEM，这是新一代定量火山泥流模型的必要输入，将为风险缓解计划提供信息，并将通过扩大内华达德尔鲁伊斯周围的GPS网络获得更好的火山大楼表面变形分辨率。地表变形观测可以为浅层岩浆管道系统的压力变化提供线索，并有助于提出早期预警决策。地面雷达将用于生成变形模式的空间变动性和内华达德尔鲁伊斯封盖冰川速度变化的干涉图，如果这些冰川被加速的火山活动产生的热量迅速融化，将导致火山泥流的产生。

In 1985, a relatively small eruption at Nevado del Ruiz volcano in Colombia killed approximately 23,000 people in or near the town of Armero. A glacier at the top of the volcano partially melted, contributing to a large lahar that moved quickly downslope, inundating the town with large volumes of water mixed with volcanic ash and rock. Recent activity at Nevado del Ruiz appears similar to the precursor activity observed in 1985 has local scientists at the Servicio Geologico Colombiano (SGC), the national geological survey of Colombia and the investigators on this grant concerned that another destructive lahar event similar to the 1985 event could initiate in the near future. Unfortunately despite Colombian government efforts to discourage human settlement in areas surrounding Nevado del Ruiz that are particularly susceptible to the channeling of destructive lahars, local Colombians have quickly forgotten the past destructive potential of this volcano and much development has occurred in at-risk areas since the 1985 lahar. This grant is congruent with NSFs mission of promoting the progress of science.Support from this Grant for Rapid Response Research (RAPID) will enable the development of a high resolution digital elevation model (DEM) of the Nevado del Ruiz volcano in Columbia coupled with GPS observations of surface deformation.The investigators will employ a University of South Florida owned terrestrial Ku-band radar, drone-based aerial photogrammetry and Structure from Motion software to generate a very high resolution DEM that is a necessary input to the new generation of quantitative lahar models that will inform risk mitigation plans and will gain better resolution of volcanic edifice surface deformation with an expanded GPS network surrounding Nevado del Ruiz. The surface deformation observations can offer clues to pressure changes in the shallow magmatic plumbing system and help advise early warning decisions. The terrestrial radar will be used to generate interferograms of the spatial variability of deformation patterns and changes in the velocity of the capping glacier at Nevado del Ruiz, that if quickly melted by heat from accelerated volcanic activity, would be responsible for lahar generation.