Testing the State and Trait Accuracy Model: Links between Accuracy of Judging Affect and Accuracy of Judging Traits

决策是一个过程，是一个重要的，但具有挑战性的，人们的个人生活和职业生活的一个方面。关于另一个人的重要决定往往基于第一印象。不确定性可以包括一个人在那一刻感受到的情绪状态，或者“影响”，以及这个人通常如何思考和行动：他或她的个性特征。做出准确的判断对人们采取的行动有着至关重要的影响。判断一个人的情感是积极的还是消极的，可以让人们决定在那个时刻接近还是回避是最好的。准确地判断特质对于社会生活中的“谁”和“如何”是有用的。人们决定带着什么样的目标去接近谁，他们会预测这种互动可能会如何展开。在各种情况下做出正确的决定可能会导致高质量的关系或合作，并避免负面的关系或合作。反过来，这可能会增加幸福感，员工满意度和生产力。虽然准确地判断情感和稳定特质对于做出高质量的决策至关重要，但研究人员已经开发出了这两种独立判断的模型。目前的项目提供了一个创新的融合这些领域的研究，产生一个模型，如何在这些判断领域的准确性可能是相关的。研究人员将在四个实验中测试新开发的状态和性状准确性模型。此外，该项目还为本科生和研究生提供研究机会，并为小学生提供参与科学的机会。 本研究检验了两个关于情感判断准确性与特质判断准确性之间的关系和因果关系的假设。状态和特质准确性模型预测了这种判断之间的正相关关系，并进一步预测，情感的判断先于人格特质的准确判断。为了检验关于判断陌生人准确性的假设，有必要让刺激显示真实的情感和反应，而不是阶段性的或人工的情感显示。因此，参与该项目的三所大学的研究人员开发了一个有效的刺激数据库，该数据库由个人的录像带组成，这些录像带的人格特征和情绪状态已经过评估。在目前的项目中，实验将使用这些录像带的片段作为刺激，让观察者做出情感和特质判断。四个实验涉及操纵观察者的判断焦点和操纵的有效性的影响和特质信息，无论是通过错误的标签或自然的不一致。本科生和研究生将作为研究人员和参与者参与该项目，提供研究培训机会。当地小学的孩子们将受益于学校提供的演讲和研究设计经验。该项目的另一个好处是，通过三所北美大学研究人员的合作，加强了研究基础设施。此外，社会可以从对情感状态和人格特征如何更准确地判断的更多理解中受益-这对日常生活中的人们以及专业人士都很有用。例如，美国经济可能会受益于雇主能够更好地确定申请人和工作之间的匹配。

Decision making is a process that is an essential, but challenging, aspect of people's personal and professional lives. Important decisions about another person are often based on first impressions. Impressions can include the emotional state a person is feeling at that moment, or "affect", and how that person generally thinks and acts: his or her personality traits. Making accurate judgments has vital effects on the actions people take. Judging that a person's affect is positive or negative allows people to decide whether approach or avoidance is best at that moment. Accurately judging traits is useful for the "who" and "how" of social living. People determine whom to approach with what goal in mind, and they anticipate how such interactions might unfold. Making good decisions in a variety of contexts is likely to lead to quality relationships or collaborations and avoidance of negative ones. This, in turn, may increase well-being, employee satisfaction, and productivity. Although accurately judging both affect and stable traits is crucial to making high quality decisions, researchers have developed models of these two kinds of judgments independent of each other. The current project provides an innovative merging of these areas of research, producing a model of how accuracy across these judgment areas may be related. The investigators will test the newly developed State and Trait Accuracy Model in four experiments. In addition, the project provides research opportunities for undergraduate and graduate students, and engagement in science for students in primary schools. This project tests two hypotheses about the relationship and causal direction of people's accuracy in judging affect and judging traits. The State and Trait Accuracy Model predicts a positive relationship between such judgments, and further predicts that judgments of affect precede accurate judgments of personality traits. To test hypotheses about the accuracy of judging strangers, it is essential to have stimuli that display genuine emotions and responses, rather than staged or artificial affective displays. Thus, researchers from the three universities involved in this project have developed a validated database of stimuli consisting of videotapes of individuals whose personality traits and emotional state have been assessed. In the current project, experiments will use segments of these videotapes as stimuli for observers to make affect and trait judgments. Four experiments involve manipulating observers' judgmental focus and manipulating the validity of affect and trait information, either by mislabeling or by natural incongruences. Undergraduate and graduate students will be involved as researchers and participants in the project, providing research training opportunities. Children in local primary schools will benefit by exposure to presentations and research design experiences provided in their schools. Another benefit of this project is that the infrastructure for research is enhanced via this collaboration of researchers at three North American universities. In addition, society can benefit from an increased understanding of how affective states and personality traits can be judged more accurately--something useful to people in daily life as well as to professionals. For instance, the U.S. economy may benefit from employers being better able to determine the fit between applicants and jobs.