Evolution and the Levels of Lineage

这个生物学项目的哲学从事血统概念的概念分析，这大致是一个从祖先的体面线，和相关的概念。该项目的重点是什么血统的问题，他们是如何嵌套，以及如何通过进化建立这种层次结构的组织。该项目范围广泛，影响深远。谱系如何在不同层次上相互作用是至关重要的，例如，在研究肠道微生物如何影响果蝇的择偶偏好和我们所认为的选择单位时;在我们如何设想北极熊和棕熊何时分化时，考虑到这些群体之间的杂交;或者在我们如何看待父母谱系时，我们操纵线粒体谱系如何从一代人传递到下一代人。该项目的一个特别令人印象深刻的特点是其跨学科的重点。该项目包括一个跨学科的研讨会，物种在不和谐的时代，定于2017年春季。该研讨会将通过外展活动直接吸引公众参与，其中包括将在湖城公共图书馆举行的21世纪生物人文分类学公共讲座系列活动。PI还将与犹他州美术博物馆和犹他州自然历史博物馆协调举办一场展览，展示艺术家与分类学家合作的作品，包括公开讲座。技术摘要该提案的中心目标是阐明“谱系水平”观点，描述该观点的核心承诺，并确定这些如何为研究人员提供信息并产生新的研究问题。生物谱系是有等级组织的，但由于各种进化的生物机制和过程，这些谱系的嵌套可能是“泄漏”的。检测这些模式的不一致性提供了证据，一个复杂的多层次的进化帐户，并要求生物学家修改核心承诺（理论，概念，方法等）。谱系观点的层次确定了生物学家在这些项目中利用的概念资源。它将扩展和巩固微生物学，系统学，遗传学，进化和种群遗传学等领域的最新工作。这个项目与最近的工作一致，要求通过将生物学的核心装置视为进化的产物来进行历时性的研究。例如，研究人员不是把生物等级作为一个背景假设，而是问，为什么有这种等级，甚至一个？对这些问题的探讨提供了进一步的资源和研究问题。

General Audience Summary This philosophy of biology project engages in conceptual analysis of the notion of a lineage, which is roughly a line of decent from ancestors, and related notions. The project focuses on questions of what lineages are, how they are nested, and how this hierarchical organization was built through evolution. The scope of the project is broad and the consequences far-reaching. How lineages interact across levels is centrally important, for example, in studying how gut microbes influence mate preference in fruit flies and impact what we treat as units of selection; in how we conceive of when polar and brown bears diverged, given the hybridization between those groups; or in how we think about parental lineages as we manipulate how mitochondrial lineages are transmitted from one human generation to the next. A particularly impressive feature of the project is its interdisciplinary focus. The project includes an interdisciplinary workshop, Species in the Age of Discordance, scheduled for spring 2017. The workshop will directly engage the public through outreach events including a Biohumanities Public Lecture Series event on taxonomy in the 21st century, which will be held at the downtown Salt Lake City Public Library. The PI will also coordinate with the Utah Museum of Fine Arts and the Natural History Museum of Utah on an exhibit featuring the work of artists collaborating with taxonomists, including a public lecture.Technical Summary The central aims of this proposal are to articulate a "levels of lineage" perspective, describe the core commitments of that perspective, and identify how these inform researchers and generate novel research questions. Biological lineages are hierarchically organized, but nesting of those lineages may be "leaky" due to a variety of evolved biological mechanisms and processes. Detecting these patterns of discordance provide evidence for a sophisticated multilevel account of evolution, and require biologists to revise core commitments (theoretical, conceptual, methodological, etc.). The levels of lineage perspective identifies the conceptual resources biologists draw on in these projects. It will extend and consolidate recent work in microbiology, systematics, phylogenetics, and evolutionary and population genetics, among other fields. This project aligns with recent work in demanding a diachronic approach by treating the core apparatus of biology as products of evolution. For example, rather than treating the biological hierarchy as a background assumption, researchers are instead prompted to ask, why this hierarchy, or even one at all? Answering these questions provides further resources and research questions.