Collaborative Research: Genetic and Physiological Mechanisms of Local Climatic Adaptation in a Widespread Perennial Plant Species

一些植物物种能够在广泛的气候条件下茁壮成长，而这种情况发生的机制却知之甚少。 确定当地气候适应的遗传和生理基础对于评估包括作物在内的植物物种是否以及如何在环境变化期间持续存在特别重要。 利用广泛适应的物种白色三叶草，该项目研究了使这种植物在北方明尼苏达州和佛罗里达中部的气候截然不同的因素。 含氰化合物的产生似乎在这一过程中发挥作用，特别是在适应炎热和干旱方面。 这些化合物也存在于几种重要的作物物种中，它们对干旱适应的重要性将首次得到详细研究。 气候耐受性的自然遗传和生理变异的其他方面将通过实地实验进行评估。 该项目将提供课堂材料和课程活动，为一个正在进行的和非常成功的调查为基础的教育推广计划，由主要调查员，已经从事全国8000多名学生和100名教师开发。学生们对当地的三叶草种群进行采样和分析，并将数据贡献给在线数据库，在那里他们可以将观察结果与其他气候的班级进行比较。 科学培训将提供给本科生，包括那些来自少数民族背景，以及两名研究生和两名博士后助理。适应当地环境在植物物种的生存能力中起着关键作用，并通过环境变化持续存在，但这一过程背后的遗传和生理机制在很大程度上是未知的。本研究以白色三叶草（Trifolium repens）为研究对象，通过对适合度性状的QTL定位、两个生化多态性的候选基因分析以及适合度影响的生理学评价，探讨了以下问题：1）适应当地气候的遗传结构是什么？ 具体来说，它在多大程度上是通过个体基因的交替等位基因的适应性权衡（拮抗多效性），或者通过基因座的组合（个体基因在一个环境中提供适应性益处，而在其他环境中选择性中性（条件中性））而产生的？2)生氰糖苷在非生物胁迫适应中起作用的生理机制是什么？3)基因拷贝数变异（CNVs）在局部适应中的作用是什么？ 这项工作将严格测试生氰糖苷在非生物胁迫适应中的功能，生氰糖苷存在于包括许多作物在内的3,000种植物中。 CNVs在许多分类群的基因组中很丰富，该项目将直接评估它们在当地气候适应中的作用，这是以前没有做过的。该项目还将通过一个基于三叶草氰生成的持续和非常成功的推广计划，让全国各地的高中学生和教师参与实践和探究式学习，并将为本科生、研究生和博士后提供培训。

Some plant species are able to thrive across a wide range of climates, and the mechanisms by which this occurs are poorly understood. Characterizing the genetic and physiological basis of local climatic adaptation is especially critical for assessing whether and how plant species, including crops, can persist through periods of environmental change. Using the widely-adapted species white clover, this project examines the factors that allow this plant to thrive in climates as dramatically different as northern Minnesota and central Florida. The production of cyanide-containing compounds appears to play a role in this process, particularly for adaptation to heat and drought. These compounds are also found in several important crop species, and their importance for drought adaptation will be examined in detail for the first time. Other aspects of natural genetic and physiological variation in climate tolerance will be assessed through field experiments. The project will provide classroom materials and curricular activities for an ongoing and highly successful inquiry-based educational outreach program developed by the principle investigator, which has already engaged more than 8000 students and 100 teachers nationwide. Students sample and analyze their local clover populations and contribute data to an online database, where they can compare observations with classes from other climates. Scientific training will be provided to undergraduates, including those from minority backgrounds, as well as two graduate students and two postdoctoral associates.Adaptation to local environments plays a key role in the ability of plant species to survive and persist through environmental change, yet the genetic and physiological mechanisms that underlie this process are largely unknown. Through work that integrates QTL mapping of fitness traits, candidate gene analyses of two well-characterized biochemical polymorphisms, and physiological assessments of their fitness impacts, the following questions are addressed, using white clover (Trifolium repens) as a study system: 1) What is the genetic architecture of local climatic adaptation? Specifically, to what extent does it arise through fitness tradeoffs for alternate alleles of individual genes (antagonistic pleiotropy), or through combinations of loci where individual genes provide a fitness benefit in one environment and are selectively neutral in others (conditional neutrality)? 2) What are the physiological mechanisms by which cyanogenic glycosides function in abiotic stress adaptation? 3) What is the role of gene copy number variation (CNVs) in local adaptation? This work will rigorously test the function of cyanogenic glycosides, which are found in 3,000 plant species including many crops, in abiotic stress adaptation. CNVs are abundant in the genomes of many taxa, and the project will directly assess their role in local climatic adaptation, which has not previously been done. The project will also engage high school students and teachers nationwide in hands-on, inquiry-based learning through an ongoing and highly successful outreach program based on clover cyanogenesis, and it will provide training for undergraduates, graduate students and postdoctoral associates.