RAPID: El Niño Southern Oscillation Events, Migration, and Resilience

RAPID：厄尔尼诺南方涛动事件、移民和复原力

• 批准号: 1602367
• 负责人: Jerry Jacka
• 金额: $ 2.18万
• 依托单位: University of Colorado at Boulder
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2016
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2016-01-01 至 2016-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1602367&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: RAPID; El; Ni; Southern; Oscillation

This award supports scientific research on processes that foster social-ecological resilience in the face of global climatic changes. Researchers have found that the capacity of a system to withstand shocks and uncertainties is a property of a system's overall resilience, not just the resilience of the specific component under stress. Some aspects of a social-ecological system, such as cultural worldviews, are more resistant to change and change more slowly than other aspects, such as rules and norms, which change more quickly. Surprisingly, while systems for allocating resources generally change fastest of all, little is known about how this actually happens and how the changes work their way through the system as a whole to finally affect rules, norms, and worldviews. At a time when resources throughout the world are increasingly under stress from war, population movement, and natural disasters, it is critical for policy makers and citizens, as well as scientists, to understand the social processes through which resource reallocation is achieved when a social-ecological system is under stress. Therefore, anthropologist Dr. Jerry Jacka (University of Colorado, Boulder) will return to the highlands of Papua New Guinea (PNG), where he has been investigating the relationships between resilience and vulnerability since 1998. The highland social-ecological system is currently under stress because of an El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event. ENSOs, which are caused by variations in the surface temperature of the waters of the eastern Pacific Ocean, happen irregularly but when they do, the effects can be devastating. Horticulturalists in highlands PNG are severely impacted during strong El Niños because the accompanying frosts and droughts devastate their subsistence food crops. During previous ENSO weather events, highland people migrated to lower altitude areas, where they could find temporary accommodation with lowland residents. However, economic development, population pressures, and changes in the governance of and access to natural resources are restricting these traditional responses. This affords the researcher an opportunity to observe the processes by which new responses are developed. Data will be gathered through ethnographic fieldwork. Local resource managers from four communities (two migrating communities and two host communities who take the migrants in) will be interviewed to understand the decisions and practices related to mitigating vulnerabilities to ENSO events. Research participants will also engage in rankings of risks and concept mapping to understand how El Niños are characterized and conceptualized in a diversity of livelihood contexts. Government and non-governmental officials will be interviewed to look at regional and state-level responses to the climate crisis. Findings from this research will illuminate the factors that promote social-ecological resilience and will be generalizable to other contexts and other stresses.

该奖项支持科学研究，促进社会生态适应力，面对全球气候变化的过程。研究人员发现，一个系统抵御冲击和不确定性的能力是一个系统的整体弹性的一个属性，而不仅仅是在压力下的具体组成部分的弹性。社会生态系统的某些方面，如文化世界观，比其他方面，如规则和规范，变化更快，变化更慢。令人惊讶的是，虽然资源分配系统通常变化最快，但人们对这种变化实际上是如何发生的以及这些变化如何通过整个系统最终影响规则，规范和世界观知之甚少。在世界各地的资源越来越受到战争，人口流动和自然灾害的压力时，决策者和公民以及科学家必须了解当社会生态系统处于压力下时实现资源重新分配的社会过程。因此，人类学家Jerry Jacka博士（科罗拉多大学博尔德分校）将回到巴布亚新几内亚（PNG）的高地，自1998年以来，他一直在那里调查恢复力和脆弱性之间的关系。由于厄尔尼诺/南方涛动事件，高地社会生态系统目前正处于压力之下。厄尔尼诺/南方涛动是由东太平洋沃茨表面温度的变化引起的，它不规则地发生，但一旦发生，其影响可能是毁灭性的。巴布亚新几内亚高地的园艺家在强烈的厄尔尼诺现象期间受到严重影响，因为随之而来的霜冻和干旱使他们的粮食作物无法生存。在以前的厄尔尼诺/南方涛动天气事件期间，高地人迁移到低海拔地区，在那里他们可以找到与低地居民的临时住所。然而，经济发展、人口压力以及自然资源管理和获取方面的变化正在限制这些传统对策。这为研究者提供了一个观察新反应形成过程的机会。将通过人种学实地考察收集数据。将对来自四个社区（两个移徙社区和两个接纳移徙者的东道社区）的当地资源管理人员进行访谈，以了解与减轻易受厄尔尼诺/南方涛动影响的脆弱性有关的决定和做法。研究参与者还将参与风险排序和概念绘图，以了解厄尔尼诺现象在各种生计环境中的特点和概念。政府和非政府官员将接受采访，以了解地区和州一级对气候危机的反应。这项研究的结果将阐明促进社会生态复原力的因素，并将推广到其他环境和其他压力。