Incorporation Of Ethnic Minorities In Colonial Contexts

加州大学伯克利分校的阿维尼翁·阿马拉尔博士，沿着一个由美国研究生和墨西哥研究人员组成的国际团队，将在瓦哈卡州进行研究，调查1）殖民地黑人逃跑奴隶制，或marronage 2）在殖民背景下创造新种族的过程，三是殖民地文本中的场所建构与殖民地人民的体验之间的差异。这些问题将在阿马帕进行调查，阿马帕是一个由1769年墨西哥殖民后期逃离种植园奴隶制的黑人奴隶建立的城镇。在包括美国在内的美洲，栗色社区的特点是存在于沼泽或山区等隐蔽和边缘的地方。然而，这项研究的重点是一个城镇，它并没有被托付给地理上的边远地区，而是在殖民地官员的批准下，由逃跑的黑人奴隶或马龙人合法建立的。然而，尽管法律的和空间上的重新安置，阿马帕定居者仍然被其他人视为被放逐者，并受到敌视。将马龙人纳入殖民社会的过程建立在他们能够成为温顺的殖民地臣民的假设之上。城镇实际上是殖民地文明的基石。讽刺的是，阿马帕的马隆人继续被描绘成”不配，也许没有能力“文明”的野蛮人。但没有研究的是，在阿马帕居民的日常经历中，殖民融合的过程是如何实现的。这项研究具有更广泛的相关性，因为它提供了一个背景和比较的情况下，了解问题的看法少数民族和他们纳入一个多种族的社会，如存在于今天的美国。类似的进程目前也在世界许多其他地区发生。这个问题将通过考古调查，文物分析和考古工作的结合来探讨。从阿马帕挖掘出的材料将与殖民文献中记录的关于马龙人在重新定居之前和之后的社会和物质做法的资料进行比较。具体而言，本项目将侧重于四类证据：a）定居空间，B）食物的获取，准备和消费，c）人工制品的使用，以及d）通过考古学分析的区域陶瓷的流通。后者将检查选定材料的化学成分，以追踪陶器的来源和移动。除了为栗色研究和墨西哥殖民历史提供原始的科学数据外，拟议的项目还将使当今的阿马帕社区参与研究设计、实地考察和解释的所有步骤。培训美国研究生和当地居民的考古思维和方法也是一个主要目标。

Dr. Adela Amaral, of the University of California, Berkeley, along with an international team of American graduate students and Mexican researchers, will conduct research in the state of Oaxaca to investigate 1) colonial black runaway slavery, or marronage 2) the process through which new ethnicities are created in a colonial context, and 3) the disparity between how places were constructed in colonial texts and how they were experienced by colonized people. These questions will be investigated in Amapa, a town founded by black slaves escaping plantation slavery during Mexico's late colonial in 1769. In the Americas, including the United States, maroon communities have been characterized as existing in obscured and marginal places such as swamps or mountains. This research, however, focuses on a town that was not consigned to geographic backwoods, but that was legally founded by black runaway slaves, or maroons, with the approval of colonial officials. Despite their legal and spatial relocation, however, the Amapa settlers were nonetheless perceived as maroons by others and depicted in a hostile light. The process of incorporating the maroonsinto colonial society rested on the assumption that they were capable of becoming docile colonial subjects. Towns, in effect, were the cornerstones of colonial civility. Paradoxically, the Amapa maroons continued to be portrayed as savages" unworthy, and perhaps incapable, of "civilization". What has not been examined is how the process of colonial incorporation was realized in the everyday experiences of Amapa residents. This research is of broader relevance because it provides a context and comparative case for understanding problems of perception of minorities and their incorporation into a multi-ethinc societies such as that which exist in the United States today. Similar processes are also occurring currently in many other regions of the world. This issue will be explored through a combination of archaeological investigations, artifact analysis, and archaeometric work. Excavated materials from Amapa will be compared to information recorded in colonial documents about the maroons' social and material practices both prior to and after their resettlement. Specifically, this project will focus on four categories of evidence: a) settlement space, b) food acquisition, preparation, and consumption, c) artifact use, and d) circulations of regional ceramics through archaeometric analysis. The latter will examine the chemical content of selected materials to track the provenance and movement of pottery. In addition to contributing original, scientific data to maroon studies and Mexican colonial history, the proposed project will involve the present-day Amapa community in all steps of the research design, fieldwork, and interpretation. Training American graduate students and local residents in archaeological thinking and methodology is also a main objective.