RAPID: Chemical treatment efficiency of point-of-use filters deployed in Flint, Michigan

1633013 mcelmurry弗林特饮用水来源和处理方式的变化导致大面积腐蚀，铅浓度升高违反了《安全饮用水法》。作为对消费者的一种保护措施，安装在水龙头上的使用点过滤器正在整个城市部署，其规模在美国以前从未见过。在弗林特分发的使用点过滤器的额定最大铅浓度为150 ppb；然而，2016年1月观察到的浓度超过了40倍。因此，迫切需要快速评估PoU过滤器的处理效率。这项快速反应研究（Rapid）拨款提供了一个独特的机会，以推进有关铅和DBP去除的物理化学过程的基础科学知识，同时确保公众健康。将进行受控的实验室实验，以确定在弗林特观察到的一系列条件下的处理效率。这些结果将与从家庭过滤器中获得的结果进行比较，其中过滤器受到典型使用条件的影响，通常与用于认证化学去除效率的条件显著偏离。研究将对两个假设进行评估：(1)离子交换树脂对铅和铜的去除会因燧石饮用水中存在的其他阳离子和溶解有机物的竞争而减少；(2)活性炭过滤介质对三卤甲烷的吸附会随着消毒剂用量的增加而减少。这项工作将促进对在与胶体和溶解有机物发生复杂相互作用的现实世界条件下去除铅、铜和消毒副产物的理解。这项工作将利用两所主要研究型大学（韦恩州立大学和密歇根州立大学）最先进的设施进行的受控实验室实验，并坚定地致力于合作和创新研究。拟议的研究将有助于保护人类健康和改善市政供水的安全。实验室实验和现场抽样将与密歇根州立大学和密歇根大学合作进行，重点是使用点过滤器内的微生物条件。这项研究的结果将在韦恩州立大学另一名教员的协助下传播，该教员的研究重点是将科学信息翻译给公众。来自科学和工程领域代表性不足群体的研究生和本科生将在水处理、胶体化学和消毒过程领域进行实验和收集现场样本，提供实践培训。这些学生获得的技能将在推进国家供水保护方面发挥不可估量的作用。此外，项目团队将开发并提供与老化基础设施和腐蚀控制有关的讲座和特别计划，这些问题将在美国水务协会的区域会议上提出。

1633013McElmurryChanges in the source and treatment of Flint's drinking water have resulted in extensive corrosion and numerous violations to the Safe Drinking Water Act through elevated lead concentrations. As a measure of protection to consumers, faucet-mounted point-of-use filters are being deployed across the city at a scale not previously seen in the United States. The point-of-use filters distributed in Flint are rated for a maximum lead concentration of 150 ppb; however, concentrations of more than 40 times that were observed in January 2016. Therefore, there is an immediate need to rapidly evaluate the treatment efficiency of PoU filters. This Rapid Response Research (RAPID) grant provides a unique opportunity to advance fundamental scientific knowledge regarding physical-chemical process responsible for lead and DBP removal while simultaneously ensuring public health. Controlled laboratory experiments will be conducted to determine treatment efficiency under the range of conditions observed in Flint. These results will be compared to those obtained from filters in homes where filters are subjected to typical use conditions that often deviate significantly from conditions used to certify chemical removal efficiency.Studies will be conducted to evaluate two hypotheses: (1) lead and copper removal by the ion exchange resin will be reduced by competition from other cations and dissolved organic matter present in Flint drinking water, and, (2) adsorption of trihalomethanes on the activated carbon filtration media will decrease with increasing disinfectant dosage. This work will advance the understanding of the removal of lead, copper and disinfection by-products under real world conditions where complex interactions with colloids and dissolved organic matter occur. The work will utilize controlled laboratory experiments, conducted in state-of-the-art facilities at two major research universities (Wayne State University and Michigan State University) with a strong commitment to collaborative and innovative research. The proposed study will help protect human health and improve the security of municipal water supplies. Laboratory experiments and field sampling will be done in collaboration with Michigan State University and University of Michigan, focused on microbial conditions within point-of-use filters. Results of this study will be disseminated with the assistance of another faculty at Wayne State University, whose research focuses on translating scientific information to the public. Graduate and undergraduate students from groups underrepresented in science and engineering will conduct experiments and collect field samples providing hands on training in the areas of water treatment, colloid chemistry, and disinfection processes. Skills these students obtain will be invaluable in advancing the protection of the nation's water supply. Additionally, the project team will develop and provide lectures and special programs on issues related to aging infrastructure and corrosion control that will be presented at regional meetings of the American Water Works Association.