Measurements and Modeling of Wind-Wave-Current Interactions

尽管近几十年来取得了很大进展，但我们对海洋表面波的产生、传播和消散及其在耦合大气和海洋方面的作用的理解仍有很大的改进余地。从大气到海洋的动量和能量通量是方向波谱和波浪破碎分布的函数。温室气体和其他气体的海气传输依赖于破碎引起的空气卷吸。该项目的主要目的是更好地了解海流如何调制表面波，以及表面波如何将动量传递给海流，特别是通过进行一项实验，结合最先进的空中波浪测量，波浪破碎，海洋表面温度和表面流，以及波浪滑翔机和海洋观测站倡议（OOI）对低层大气和上层海洋的现场测量新英格兰大陆架上的先锋阵列。这些新的观测结果将用于测试和改进波浪模型。通过改进用于天气和气候预测的大气-海洋耦合模型，这些表面波和海流模型的改进将对社会产生重大影响。来自飞机的图像和来自波浪滑翔机的数据将几乎真实的提供给教室使用，并通过斯克里普斯的桦树水族馆向学校学生推广。该项目将在学年和夏季为UCSD的本科生提供研究经验。在先锋阵列中进行实验还将提供访问OOI教育门户网站的机会，这将大大提高斯克里普斯以外的教育机会。该项目扩展了测量，建模和理解，海洋表面波的运动学和动力学及其在海气相互作用中的作用，由首席研究员在过去十年中通过考虑海流对波浪的作用，和水流中的波浪航空遥感将用于精确测量海洋观测站倡议（OOI）先锋阵列区域的定向表面波场、表面流和破碎。这些空中测量将得到先锋阵列对动量和能量的海气通量的测量以及对温度、盐度和通过水柱的水流的剖面测量的支持。阵列数据将由两个装有仪器的Wave Glider补充，以测量大气边界层下部和水柱上部50米。波浪滑翔机上的声波风速计将测量大气中的雷诺应力或动量通量。波浪滑翔机上的4波束和5波束声学多普勒海流剖面仪将能够测量水柱中的雷诺应力，以及水面破裂与雷诺应力爆发的相关性。将使用WAVEWATCH III框架对波场的演变进行建模。波浪建模将得到海流的支持，海流是由一个数据同化区域海洋模型合成的，该模型位于新英格兰大陆架南部，该区域是由罗格斯大学的一位NSF资助的科学家制作的先锋阵列的区域。虽然该项目的实地部分是针对具体地点的，以利用先锋阵列数据，但研究的应用将是全球性的，预计将大大改善对海洋表面波浪和海流的理解和建模。

Despite great progress over recent decades there is still much room for improvement in our understanding of the generation, propagation and dissipation of ocean surface waves and their role in coupling the atmosphere and the ocean. The momentum and energy fluxes from the atmosphere to the ocean are a function of the directional wave spectra and wave breaking distributions. The air-sea transfer of greenhouse and other gases depend on air entrainment due to breaking. The primary aims of this project are to better understand how currents modulate surface waves, and how surface waves transfer momentum to currents, especially through breaking by conducting an experiment combining state-of-the-art airborne measurements of waves, wave breaking, sea surface temperature and surface currents with in-situ measurements of the lower atmosphere and upper ocean from wave gliders and the Ocean Observatories Initiative's (OOI) Pioneer Array on the New England shelf. These new observations will then be used to test and improve wave models. Improvements in these surface-wave and current models will have a significant impact on society through improvements in coupled atmosphere-ocean models used for weather and climate prediction. Imagery from the aircraft and data from the Wave Gliders will be made available in almost real time for use in the classroom and for outreach to school students through the Birch Aquarium at Scripps. The project will provide research experiences for undergraduate students at UCSD during the academic year and summers. Conducting the experiment in the Pioneer Array will also provide access to the OOI Education Portal which will enhance the educational opportunities well beyond Scripps.This project expands on the significant advances in measuring, modeling, and understanding, the kinematics and dynamics of ocean surface waves and their role in air-sea interaction made by the principal investigator in the last decade by considering the role of currents on the waves, and waves on the currents. Airborne remote sensing will be used to accurately measure directional surface wave fields, surface currents, and breaking, in the area of the Ocean Observatories Initiative (OOI) Pioneer Array. The airborne measurements will be supported by the Pioneer Array measurements of the air-sea fluxes of momentum and energy, and profile measurements of temperature, salinity and currents through the water column. The array data will be supplemented by two Wave Gliders instrumented to measure the lower atmospheric boundary layer and the upper 50 m of the water column. Sonic anemometers on the Wave Gliders will measure the Reynolds stress, or momentum flux, in the atmosphere. The 4- and 5-beam acoustic Doppler current profilers on the Wave Gliders will enable measurements of the Reynolds stresses in the water column, and the correlation of breaking at the surface with bursts in the Reynolds stresses. The evolution of the wave field will be modeled using the WAVEWATCH III framework. The wave modeling will be supported with ocean currents synthesized by a data assimilating regional ocean model of the southern New England shelf, the area of the Pioneer Array produced by an NSF-funded scientist at Rutgers University. While the field component of the project is site-specific to make use of the Pioneer Array data, the applications of the research will be global and are expected to lead to significant improvements in understanding and modeling ocean surface waves and currents.