Measurements and Modeling of Wind-Wave-Current Interactions

尽管近几十年来取得了很大的进展，但我们对海洋表面波的产生、传播和消散及其在大气和海洋耦合中的作用的理解仍然有很大的改进空间。从大气到海洋的动量和能量通量是方向波谱和波浪破碎分布的函数。温室气体和其他气体的海-气转移依赖于空气的夹带作用。该项目的主要目的是更好地了解洋流如何调制表面波，以及表面波如何将动量转移到海流，特别是通过破裂，通过开展一项实验，将对波浪、波浪破裂、海面温度和表面流的最先进的航空测量与来自波浪滑翔机和新英格兰大陆架上的海洋天文台倡议的先锋阵列的低层大气和上层海洋的现场测量相结合。然后，这些新的观测结果将被用于测试和改进波浪模型。通过改进用于天气和气候预测的大气-海洋耦合模型，这些表面波和当前模型的改进将对社会产生重大影响。来自飞机的图像和来自波浪滑翔机的数据将几乎实时地提供给教室使用，并通过斯克里普斯的桦树水族馆向学校学生推广使用。该项目将为加州大学圣迭戈分校的本科生在学年和暑假期间提供研究经验。在先锋阵列中进行实验还将提供进入OOI教育门户网站的途径，这将大大增加Scripps以外的教育机会。该项目扩展了主要研究人员在过去十年中通过考虑海流对海浪的作用以及海浪对海流的作用，在测量、建模和理解、海洋表面波的运动学和动力学以及它们在海气相互作用中的作用方面取得的重大进展。航空遥感将用于精确测量海洋观测站倡议(OOI)先锋阵列地区的定向表面波场、表面流和破裂。空中测量将得到先锋阵列对海气动量和能量通量的测量，以及对通过水柱的温度、盐度和水流的剖面测量的支持。两个波浪滑翔仪将补充阵列数据，以测量大气下部边界层和水柱上部50米。波浪滑翔机上的音速风速计将测量大气中的雷诺应力或动量通量。波浪滑翔机上的4波束和5波束声学多普勒流剖面仪将能够测量水柱中的雷诺应力，以及表面破裂与雷诺应力爆发的关联。波场的演变将使用WaveWatch III框架进行建模。海浪模拟将得到由新英格兰南部大陆架区域海洋模型合成的洋流的支持，新英格兰南部大陆架是由美国国家科学基金会资助的罗格斯大学科学家制作的先锋阵列区域。虽然该项目的实地部分是特定地点的，以利用先锋阵列数据，但这项研究的应用将是全球性的，预计将大大改进对海洋表面波和流的理解和建模。

Despite great progress over recent decades there is still much room for improvement in our understanding of the generation, propagation and dissipation of ocean surface waves and their role in coupling the atmosphere and the ocean. The momentum and energy fluxes from the atmosphere to the ocean are a function of the directional wave spectra and wave breaking distributions. The air-sea transfer of greenhouse and other gases depend on air entrainment due to breaking. The primary aims of this project are to better understand how currents modulate surface waves, and how surface waves transfer momentum to currents, especially through breaking by conducting an experiment combining state-of-the-art airborne measurements of waves, wave breaking, sea surface temperature and surface currents with in-situ measurements of the lower atmosphere and upper ocean from wave gliders and the Ocean Observatories Initiative's (OOI) Pioneer Array on the New England shelf. These new observations will then be used to test and improve wave models. Improvements in these surface-wave and current models will have a significant impact on society through improvements in coupled atmosphere-ocean models used for weather and climate prediction. Imagery from the aircraft and data from the Wave Gliders will be made available in almost real time for use in the classroom and for outreach to school students through the Birch Aquarium at Scripps. The project will provide research experiences for undergraduate students at UCSD during the academic year and summers. Conducting the experiment in the Pioneer Array will also provide access to the OOI Education Portal which will enhance the educational opportunities well beyond Scripps.This project expands on the significant advances in measuring, modeling, and understanding, the kinematics and dynamics of ocean surface waves and their role in air-sea interaction made by the principal investigator in the last decade by considering the role of currents on the waves, and waves on the currents. Airborne remote sensing will be used to accurately measure directional surface wave fields, surface currents, and breaking, in the area of the Ocean Observatories Initiative (OOI) Pioneer Array. The airborne measurements will be supported by the Pioneer Array measurements of the air-sea fluxes of momentum and energy, and profile measurements of temperature, salinity and currents through the water column. The array data will be supplemented by two Wave Gliders instrumented to measure the lower atmospheric boundary layer and the upper 50 m of the water column. Sonic anemometers on the Wave Gliders will measure the Reynolds stress, or momentum flux, in the atmosphere. The 4- and 5-beam acoustic Doppler current profilers on the Wave Gliders will enable measurements of the Reynolds stresses in the water column, and the correlation of breaking at the surface with bursts in the Reynolds stresses. The evolution of the wave field will be modeled using the WAVEWATCH III framework. The wave modeling will be supported with ocean currents synthesized by a data assimilating regional ocean model of the southern New England shelf, the area of the Pioneer Array produced by an NSF-funded scientist at Rutgers University. While the field component of the project is site-specific to make use of the Pioneer Array data, the applications of the research will be global and are expected to lead to significant improvements in understanding and modeling ocean surface waves and currents.