The Evolution of Science Policy in the United States

美国科学研发和创新企业的规模及其经济重要性在第二次世界大战后的时代有了巨大的增长。科学决策者所面临的问题的复杂性已成比例地增加，需要更复杂的方法和技术来支持决策。2005年，乔治布什总统的科学顾问约翰·马伯格认识到了这些发展。布什呼吁科学和创新政策界的成员应用最新的科学方法，使他们的研究更加严谨和系统。作为回应，长期以来一直专注于此类工作的美国国家科学基金会（NSF）设立了科学与创新政策科学（SciSIP）计划。SciSIP建立在NSF 50多年的科学和创新政策研究历史的基础上。从20世纪60年代中期开始，NSF建立了旨在培养学术机构科学政策研究和教学的项目。后来，在20世纪70年代中期，它设立了政策研究和分析司（PRA），以开展和支持对研发的社会回报的研究。PRA和相关计划的结果为科学和创新政策的实践提供了知识背景。该项目通过更好地了解ScisIP项目的起源和更广泛的科学背景，加强了ScisIP项目的管理和指导及其影响。该项目利用未发表的档案材料、已发表的资料来源、访谈和信函，考察了过去科学与创新政策研究项目的范围、它们的优势和劣势，以及它们对政策和该领域发展的贡献。 该项目着眼于NSF和其他机构如何奠定了美国科学和创新政策研究的基础，如何利用机构支持来播种学术科学政策计划并在联邦政府内外建立能力，最后，SciSIP的出现如何影响科学和创新政策研究的进程。

The size of the U.S. scientific R&D and innovation enterprise and its economic importance have grown enormously in the post-World War Two era. The complexity of the issues facing science policymakers has increased proportionately, requiring more sophisticated methods and techniques to support decision-making. Recognizing these developments, in 2005, John Marburger, science advisor to President George W. Bush, called on the members of the science and innovation policy community to apply the latest scientific methods in order to make their research more rigorous and systematic. In response, the National Science Foundation (NSF), which has long been a focus such work, established the Science of Science and Innovation Policy (SciSIP) program. SciSIP builds on NSF's fifty-plus year history of science and innovation policy studies. Beginning in the mid-1960s, NSF established programs aimed at cultivating science policy research and teaching at academic institutions. Later, in the mid-1970s, it created a Division of Policy Research and Analysis (PRA) to conduct and support studies of the social returns to R&D. The results of PRA and related programs provide an intellectual background for the practice of science and innovation policy. This project strengthens the management and direction of the SciSIP program and its impact by providing a better understanding of its genesis and broader scientific context. It is also helping to build a stronger foundation for both graduate and undergraduate education in science and innovation policy.Drawing on unpublished archival materials, published sources, interviews and correspondence, this project examines the range of past science and innovation policy research programs, their strengths and weaknesses, and their contributions to policy and to the development of the field. The project is looking at how NSF and other agencies laid the foundations of U.S. science and innovation policy research, how institutional support was used to seed academic science policy programs and build capacity both inside and outside of the federal government, and finally, how the advent of SciSIP has affected the course of science and innovation policy research.