The Evolution of Science Policy in the United States

美国科学政策的演变

• 批准号: 1643037
• 负责人: Albert Teich
• 金额: $ 4.9万
• 依托单位: George Washington University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2016
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2016-07-15 至 2017-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1643037&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Evolution; Science; Policy; United; States

The size of the U.S. scientific R&D and innovation enterprise and its economic importance have grown enormously in the post-World War Two era. The complexity of the issues facing science policymakers has increased proportionately, requiring more sophisticated methods and techniques to support decision-making. Recognizing these developments, in 2005, John Marburger, science advisor to President George W. Bush, called on the members of the science and innovation policy community to apply the latest scientific methods in order to make their research more rigorous and systematic. In response, the National Science Foundation (NSF), which has long been a focus such work, established the Science of Science and Innovation Policy (SciSIP) program. SciSIP builds on NSF's fifty-plus year history of science and innovation policy studies. Beginning in the mid-1960s, NSF established programs aimed at cultivating science policy research and teaching at academic institutions. Later, in the mid-1970s, it created a Division of Policy Research and Analysis (PRA) to conduct and support studies of the social returns to R&D. The results of PRA and related programs provide an intellectual background for the practice of science and innovation policy. This project strengthens the management and direction of the SciSIP program and its impact by providing a better understanding of its genesis and broader scientific context. It is also helping to build a stronger foundation for both graduate and undergraduate education in science and innovation policy.Drawing on unpublished archival materials, published sources, interviews and correspondence, this project examines the range of past science and innovation policy research programs, their strengths and weaknesses, and their contributions to policy and to the development of the field. The project is looking at how NSF and other agencies laid the foundations of U.S. science and innovation policy research, how institutional support was used to seed academic science policy programs and build capacity both inside and outside of the federal government, and finally, how the advent of SciSIP has affected the course of science and innovation policy research.

二战后，美国科学研发和创新企业的规模及其经济重要性大幅增长。科学决策者面临的问题的复杂性也相应增加了，需要更复杂的方法和技术来支持决策。认识到这些发展，2005年，乔治·w·布什总统的科学顾问John Marburger呼吁科学和创新政策界的成员应用最新的科学方法，使他们的研究更加严谨和系统。为此，美国国家科学基金会（NSF）设立了“科学与创新政策科学”（sciip）项目。sciip建立在NSF 50多年的科学和创新政策研究历史之上。从20世纪60年代中期开始，NSF建立了旨在培养学术机构的科学政策研究和教学的项目。后来，在20世纪70年代中期，它创建了一个政策研究与分析司（PRA），以开展和支持研究研发的社会回报。PRA和相关项目的成果为科技创新政策的实践提供了知识背景。该项目通过更好地了解其起源和更广泛的科学背景，加强了sciip计划的管理和方向及其影响。它还有助于为科学和创新政策方面的研究生和本科生教育奠定更坚实的基础。利用未发表的档案材料、已发表的资料、访谈和信件，本项目考察了过去科学和创新政策研究项目的范围、它们的优势和弱点，以及它们对政策和该领域发展的贡献。该项目着眼于NSF和其他机构如何为美国科学和创新政策研究奠定基础，如何利用机构支持为学术科学政策项目提供种子，并在联邦政府内外建立能力，最后，sciip的出现如何影响科学和创新政策研究的进程。