权益分类	功能权益	普通用户	{{item.name}}会员
{{category.name}}	{{benefitItem.name}}

Habitat Severity and Internal Ice in Antarctic Notothenioid Fishes

南极诺托类鱼类的栖息地严重程度和内部冰

基本信息

批准号：
1644196
负责人：
Paul Cziko
金额：
$ 68.84万
依托单位：
University of Oregon Eugene
依托单位国家：
美国
项目类别：
Standard Grant
财政年份：
2017
资助国家：
美国
起止时间：
2017-08-15 至 2020-07-31
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1644196&HistoricalAwards=false
关键词：
Habitat Severity Internal Ice Antarctic

项目摘要

Notothenioid fishes live in the world's coldest marine waters surrounding Antarctica and have evolved strategies to avoid freezing. Past studies have shown that most Antarctic notothenioids produce special antifreeze proteins that prevent the growth of ice crystals that enter the body. While these proteins help prevent individuals from being killed by growing ice crystals, it is unclear how these fish avoid the accumulation of these small ice crystals inside their tissues over time. This project will observe how ice crystal accumulation relates to the harshness of the fish's habitat and the fish's behavior within different habitats of McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. The researchers will collect fishes and ocean observations at different field sites that cover a range of habitat severity in terms of temperature and iciness. Researchers will install an underwater ocean observatory near McMurdo Station which will include a HD video camera and hydrophone. The observatory will allow continuous monitoring of ocean conditions and fish behavior that will help explain the conditions and behaviors that contribute to the acquisition and accrual of ice inside the body. Acoustic and video data from the observatory will be available to other scientists and to the public. The project will advance understanding of the many challenges life faces in extreme cold environments. This work continues a line of inquiry that has resulted in the discovery of potential medical and food preservation applications. Hundreds of antifreeze protein (AFP) structure-function studies have been conducted in the laboratory, providing a basic physical understanding of the AFP-ice interaction. How AFPs function within fishes and their range of environments, however, is far from clear. This project will provide an understanding of notothenioid's freezing avoidance mechanisms, and strategies by quantifying the acquisition, accumulation, and loss of internal ice crystals. Specifically, the goal is to determine if and how habitat severity (as defined by iciness, seawater temperature, and prevalence of supercooled water) and fish behavior influence the abundance of ice crystals in their tissues. Four locations in the McMurdo Sound with different levels of habitat severity will be sampled for oceanographic conditions and ice crystal count within fish tissues. Researchers will use a new technique to count the number of splenic ice crystals, expanding on and simplifying previous methods. Environmental data loggers will be deployed for the duration of the project at the four sites to provide context and real-time assessment of environmental conditions. An oceanographic observatory near McMurdo Station will provide year-round, real-time and archival records of oceanographic conditions, in situ video observations of anchor ice growth and ice-organism interactions, hydroacoustic recordings, and serve as proof-of concept for expanding scientific infrastructure in McMurdo Sound related to monitoring of supercooled waters and oceanographic information.

南极鱼生活在南极洲周围世界上最冷的海水中，它们进化出了避免结冰的策略。过去的研究表明，大多数南极南极南极南极鱼能产生特殊的防冻蛋白，防止进入体内的冰晶生长。虽然这些蛋白质有助于防止个体被生长的冰晶杀死，但目前还不清楚这些鱼是如何随着时间的推移避免这些小冰晶在组织内的积累的。这个项目将观察冰晶的积累与鱼类栖息地的严酷程度以及在南极洲麦克默多湾不同栖息地的鱼类行为之间的关系。研究人员将在不同的野外地点收集鱼类和海洋观测资料，这些地点涵盖了一系列栖息地的温度和寒冷程度。研究人员将在麦克默多站附近安装一个水下海洋观测站，其中包括一个高清摄像机和水听器。观测站将允许对海洋条件和鱼类行为进行持续监测，这将有助于解释导致体内冰的获取和积累的条件和行为。来自天文台的声音和视频数据将提供给其他科学家和公众。该项目将促进对生命在极端寒冷环境中面临的诸多挑战的理解。这项工作继续进行了一系列调查，结果发现了潜在的医疗和食品保鲜应用。在实验室中进行了数百项抗冻蛋白（AFP）结构-功能研究，为AFP-ice相互作用提供了基本的物理理解。然而，AFPs是如何在鱼类体内发挥作用的，以及它们所处的环境范围还远不清楚。该项目将通过量化内部冰晶的获取、积累和损失来了解南极鱼的避冻机制和策略。具体来说，目标是确定栖息地严重程度（由结冰程度、海水温度和过冷水的流行程度定义）和鱼类行为是否以及如何影响其组织中冰晶的丰度。在麦克默多湾的四个不同生境严重程度的地点，将对海洋条件和鱼类组织内的冰晶数量进行采样。研究人员将使用一种新技术来计算脾脏冰晶的数量，这是对以前方法的扩展和简化。在项目进行期间，将在四个地点部署环境数据记录仪，以提供环境状况的背景和实时评估。麦克默多站附近的海洋观测站将提供全年、实时和海洋条件的档案记录，锚冰生长和冰-生物相互作用的现场视频观测，水声记录，并作为麦克默多湾与监测过冷水和海洋信息有关的科学基础设施扩展的概念证明。