CAREER: Inclusive Privacy: Effective Privacy Management for People with Visual Impairments

该项目旨在为残疾人，特别是视力障碍者，在使用计算机时提供更好的隐私工具。 虽然信息隐私是每个人都关心的问题，但常见的工具，如垃圾邮件检测验证码，密码强度计，安全警报消息和指示安全连接的浏览器图标，通常在设计时没有考虑到有视觉障碍的人，因此很难为这个群体使用。 与此同时，常见的解决方法，如音频屏幕阅读器和其他人的帮助请求，都有自己的隐私风险。 为了更好地了解视力障碍者面临的隐私挑战，研究人员将首先研究他们对技术的使用和已知的隐私问题。 然后，他们将与有视觉障碍的人一起工作，以生成，测试和改进一些可能解决这些挑战和问题的设计想法。 最后，他们将努力将这些研究和设计推广到其他人群，包括可能与年轻人以及认知障碍患者有不同隐私期望的老年人。 这项研究将使人们更好地了解整个人群的隐私需求，以及隐私管理工具的“包容性”设计，这些设计不仅适用于服务不足的人群，而且适用于所有人。 为了传播知识并增加工作的影响力，该团队将在相关研究社区和当地残疾人团体举办研讨会，并为广泛用于教育的安全教育（SEED）实验室计划开发关于包容性和可访问隐私的课程材料。研究围绕三个主要阶段进行。 第一阶段旨在通过纵向日记研究和观察性研究的结合，更多地了解视障人士的隐私需求，在纵向日记研究中，人们记录并回答有关他们认为隐私受到威胁的事件的问题，以及视障人士及其帮助者使用技术的情况。 第二阶段旨在开发更好的隐私支持工具;该团队将首先关注隐私威胁提醒和尊重隐私的协作使用工具，因为这些是初步工作中出现的关键问题，但也将开发工具来应对第一阶段确定的问题。 在每一个设计活动中，研究人员将使用参与式设计方法，包括视觉障碍的人（在适当的时候，他们的帮助者）在设计团队中，在当地的残疾人支持中心和研究实验室一起工作。 设计将遵循一个标准的迭代过程，从最初的需求生成和审查开始，通过头脑风暴和低保真原型，最后开发和测试高保真原型。 第三阶段涉及使用前两个阶段的结果来生成包容性隐私设计的指导方针-即可能适用于具有不同能力的广泛用户群体的一般隐私指导方针。 为了做到这一点，该团队将进行类似于第一阶段的研究，但与老年人群体，认知障碍的人和一组没有残疾的年轻人;他们还将测试第二阶段生成的隐私工具与这些群体，以确定这些人群中出现的新问题，并修改工具以更具包容性。

This project aims to provide people with disabilities, particularly those with visual impairments, better privacy tools when working with computers. Although information privacy is a concern for everyone, common tools such as spam-detecting captchas, password strength meters, security alert messages, and browser icons that indicate secure connections are often designed without considering people with visual impairments and thus are hard for this group to use. Meanwhile, common workarounds such as audio screen readers and requests for help from other people come with their own privacy risks. To better understand the privacy challenges people with visual impairments face, the researchers will first study their use of and known privacy concerns around technologies. They will then work with people with visual impairments to generate, test, and improve a number of design ideas that might address those challenges and concerns. Finally, they will work to generalize the studies and designs to other populations, including older adults who might have different privacy expectations than younger people as well as people with cognitive impairments. The research will lead to a better understanding of privacy needs across the population, as well as "inclusive" designs for privacy management tools that can be better not just for underserved populations but for all people. To spread the knowledge and increase the impact of the work, the team will hold workshops at relevant research communities and with local disability groups, as well as develop course materials on inclusive and accessible privacy for the Security Education (SEED) labs program that is widely used in education. The research is organized around three main phases. The first phase aims to learn more about the privacy needs of people with visual impairments through a combination of longitudinal diary studies, in which people record and answer questions about incidents where they felt their privacy was at risk, and observational studies of people with visual impairments and their help givers using technology in context. The second phase looks to develop better privacy support tools; the team will focus first on privacy threat reminders and tools for privacy-respecting collaborative use as these are key issues that arose in preliminary work, but will also develop tools in response to the concerns identified in the first phase. In each design activity, the researchers will use a participatory design approach that includes people with visual impairments (and when appropriate their help givers) on the design team, working together at both local disability support centers and at the research lab. Designs will follow a standard iterative process, starting with initial requirements generation and review, moving through brainstorming and low-fidelity prototypes, and finally developing and testing high-fidelity prototypes. The third phase involves using the results from the first two phases to generate guidelines for inclusive privacy design -- that is, general privacy guidelines that may apply to a wide range of user populations with varying abilities. To do this, the team will conduct research similar to phase one, but with groups of older adults, people with cognitive impairments, and a group of younger people without disabilities; they will also test the privacy tools generated in phase two with these groups to both identify new issues that arise in these populations and modify the tools to be more broadly inclusive.