CAREER: Investigating the Impact of Temporal and Spatial Variations on Lava Emplacement Through Numerical and Physical Models

喷发的火山喷发，例如在夏威夷观察到的火山喷发，是在类地行星和卫星表面形成岩浆以形成新陆地的主要机制。熔岩流和穹顶蕴藏着有关行星演化的关键信息。在地球上，喷发的产物——熔岩流和穹顶——对附近的居民构成了严重的自然危害。因此，了解控制熔岩侵位的因素对于减轻这些危害至关重要，不仅对人类而且对牲畜和农作物。该职业项目旨在提高对喷发火山喷发（即产生熔岩流和穹顶的喷发）的科学认识。具体来说，该项目检查并量化了熔岩喷流的时间变化以及熔岩所处环境的空间变化对熔岩流就位和稳定性的影响。该项目结合了新的数值模型和流体力学实验。该项目团队包括一名职业生涯早期的女性首席研究员、一名研究生以及来自地球科学领域代表性不足群体的高中生和教师。由于观测技术的进步，最近火山喷发的现场数据对现有的熔岩埋置模型提出了挑战。观测结果表明，熔岩喷流的时间变化和先存环境的空间变化对熔岩流的演化和最终结构以及穹顶的稳定性具有重要影响。该项目将采用的主要工具是使用类似于天然熔岩的液体的数值模型和流体力学实验。数值模型的设计将适应熔岩安置的时间和空间变化。这些代码将开源并进行基准测试，以便社区中的其他人可以进一步使用它们。流体力学实验将使用糖浆和蜡等模拟材料以及熔融的天然玄武岩。仔细的流变分析将伴随实验并用于为数值模型提供信息，而缩放分析将确保结果可转移到自然系统中。该项目的结果可能会通过提高对控制熔岩注入过程的了解来改善对火山灾害的评估和缓解。将利用火山学的公众吸引力来提高高中生的地球科学素养、科学职业和大学准备，特别是在服务不足和代表性不足的社区。该项目涉及与欧洲科学家的国际合作，并加强大学科学家与美国地质调查局 (USGS) 之间的合作。

Effusive volcanic eruptions, such as those observed in Hawaii, are the primary mechanism for emplacing magma at the surface of terrestrial planets and moons to create new land. Lava flows and domes hold key information about planetary evolution. On Earth, the products of effusive eruptions - lava flows and domes - present a serious natural hazard to nearby populations. Thus, understanding what controls lava emplacement is crucial to mitigation of those hazards not only for humans but also to livestock and crops. This CAREER project aims to improve scientific understanding of effusive volcanic eruptions, that is, eruptions that produce lava flows and domes. Specifically, the project examines and quantifies the influence of temporal in lava effusion, and spatial variations in the environment onto which the lava is emplaced, on flow emplacement and stability. The project uses a combination of new numerical models and fluid mechanics experiments. The project team includes an early-career female principal investigator, a graduate student, and high-school students and teachers from underrepresented groups in the geosciences. Field data from recent eruptions, made possible by advances in observations techniques, have challenged existing models of lava emplacement. Observations suggest an important influence of temporal variations in lava effusion and of spatial variations in pre-existing environment on the evolution and final structure of lava flows and the stability of domes. The main tools this project will employ are numerical models and fluid mechanics experiments using liquids analogous to natural lavas. The numerical models will be designed to accommodate temporal and spatial variability in lava emplacement. The codes will be open-source and benchmarked, so that others in the community can use them further. Fluid mechanics experiments will use both analog materials such as syrup and wax, and molten natural basalts. Careful rheological analysis will accompany the experiments and be used to inform the numerical models, and scaling analysis will ensure transferability of the results to natural systems. The results of this project are likely to improve the assessment and mitigation of volcanic hazards through and enhanced understanding of the processes that control lava emplacement. The public appeal of volcanology will be harnessed to promote Earth Science literacy, scientific careers and college preparedness for high-school students, particularly at underserved and underrepresented communities. This project involves an international collaboration with scientists in Europe and strengthens collaboration between university scientists and the United States Geological Survey (USGS).