Collaborative Research: Shelfbreak frontal dynamics: mechanisms of upwelling, net community production, and ecological implications

合作研究：货架断裂锋面动力学：上升流机制、净群落生产和生态影响

• 批准号: 1657855
• 负责人: Walker Smith
• 金额: $ 42.04万
• 依托单位: College of William & Mary Virginia Institute of Marine Science
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2017
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2017-10-01 至 2023-09-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1657855&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Collaborative; Research; Shelfbreak; frontal; dynamics

The continental shelf break of the Middle Atlantic Bight supports a productive and diverse ecosystem. Current paradigms suggest that this productivity is driven by several upwelling mechanisms at the shelf break front. This upwelling supplies nutrients that stimulate primary production by phytoplankton, which in turn leads to enhanced production at higher trophic levels. Although local enhancement of phytoplankton biomass has been observed in some circumstances, such a feature is curiously absent from time-averaged measurements, both from satellites and shipboard sampling. Why would there not be a mean enhancement in phytoplankton biomass as a result of the upwelling? One hypothesis is that grazing by zooplankton prevents accumulation of biomass on seasonal and longer time scales, transferring the excess production to higher trophic levels and thereby contributing to the overall productivity of the ecosystem. However, another possibility is that the net impact of these highly intermittent processes is not adequately represented in long-term means of the observations, because of the relatively low resolution of the in-water measurements and the fact that the frontal enhancement can take place below the depth observable by satellite. The deployment of the Ocean Observatories Initiative (OOI) Pioneer Array south of New England has provided a unique opportunity to test these hypotheses. The combination of moored instrumentation and autonomous underwater vehicles will facilitate observations of the frontal system with unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution. This will provide an ideal four-dimensional (space-time) context in which to conduct a detailed study of frontal dynamics and plankton communities needed to examine mechanisms controlling phytoplankton populations in this frontal system. This project will also: (1) promote teaching, training and learning via participation of graduate and undergraduate students in the research , (2) provide a broad dissemination of information by means of outreach in public fora, printed media, and a video documentary of the field work, and (3) contribute to improving societal well-being and increased economic competitiveness by providing the knowledge needed for science-based stewardship of coastal ecosystems, with particular emphasis on connecting with the fishing industry through the Commercial Fisheries Research Foundation.The investigators will conduct a set of three cruises to obtain cross-shelf sections of physical, chemical, and biological properties within the Pioneer Array. Nutrient distributions will be assayed together with hydrography to detect the signature of frontal upwelling and associated nutrient supply. The investigators expect that enhanced nutrient supply will lead to changes in the phytoplankton assemblage, which will be quantified with conventional flow cytometry, imaging flow cytometry (Imaging FlowCytobot, IFCB), optical imaging (Video Plankton Recorder, VPR), traditional microscopic methods, and pigment analysis. Zooplankton will be measured in size classes ranging from micro- to mesozooplankton with the IFCB and VPR, respectively, and also with microscopic analysis. Biological responses to upwelling will be assessed by measuring rates of primary productivity, zooplankton grazing, and net community production. These observations will be synthesized in the context of a coupled physical-biological model to test the two hypotheses that can potentially explain prior observations: (1) grazer-mediated control and (2) undersampling. Hindcast simulations will also be used to diagnose the relative importance of the various mechanisms of upwelling. The intellectual merit of this effort stems from our interdisciplinary approach, advanced observational techniques, and integrated analysis in the context of a state-of-the-art coupled model. The project will address longstanding questions regarding hydrodynamics and productivity of an important ecosystem, leading to improved understanding of physical-biological interactions in a complex continental shelf regime. Given the importance of frontal systems in the global coastal ocean, it is expected that knowledge gained will have broad applicability beyond the specific region being studied.

中大西洋湾的大陆架断裂支持一个多产和多样化的生态系统。目前的范例表明，这种生产力是由几个上涌机制在陆架断裂前。这种上升流提供营养物质，刺激浮游植物的初级生产，这反过来又导致在更高的营养水平提高生产。虽然在某些情况下观察到浮游植物生物量的局部增加，但令人奇怪的是，卫星和船上取样的时间平均测量值都没有这种特征。为什么上升流不会导致浮游植物生物量的平均增加？有一种假设认为，浮游动物的放牧阻止了生物量在季节性和较长时间尺度上的积累，将过剩的生产转移到更高的营养水平，从而有助于生态系统的总体生产力。然而，另一种可能性是，这些高度间歇性过程的净影响在长期观测中没有得到充分体现，因为水中测量的分辨率相对较低，而且锋面增强可能发生在水下。卫星可观测的深度。 在新英格兰南部部署海洋观测站倡议先锋阵列为检验这些假设提供了一个独特的机会。系泊仪器和自主水下航行器的组合将有助于以前所未有的空间和时间分辨率观测锋面系统。这将提供一个理想的四维（时空）背景下，进行详细的研究锋面动力学和浮游生物群落需要检查机制控制浮游植物种群在这个锋面系统。 该项目还将：（1）通过研究生和本科生参与研究促进教学，培训和学习，（2）通过公共论坛，印刷媒体和实地工作的视频纪录片的宣传，提供广泛的信息传播，（3）通过提供科学管理沿海生态系统所需的知识，为改善社会福祉和提高经济竞争力作出贡献，特别强调通过商业渔业研究基金会与渔业联系。调查人员将进行一组三次巡航，以获得先锋阵列内物理、化学和生物特性的跨大陆架部分。营养物分布将与水文学一起进行分析，以检测锋面上涌和相关营养物供应的特征。研究人员预计，增加营养供应将导致浮游植物组合的变化，这将通过常规流式细胞术，成像流式细胞术（Imaging FlowCytobot，IFCB），光学成像（Video Plankton Recorder，VPR），传统显微镜方法和色素分析进行量化。将分别用IFCB和VPR测量浮游动物的大小，从微型到中型浮游动物，并进行显微镜分析。将通过测量初级生产力、浮游动物摄食和净群落生产率来评估上升流的生物反应。这些观察结果将在耦合的物理-生物模型的背景下进行综合，以测试可能解释先前观察结果的两个假设：（1）放牧者介导的控制和（2）采样不足。后报模拟也将用于诊断上升流的各种机制的相对重要性。 这一努力的智力价值源于我们的跨学科方法，先进的观测技术，以及在最先进的耦合模型背景下的综合分析。该项目将解决一个重要生态系统的水动力学和生产力方面的长期问题，从而更好地了解复杂大陆架制度中的物理-生物相互作用。鉴于锋面系统在全球沿海海洋中的重要性，预计所获得的知识将在所研究的特定区域之外具有广泛的适用性。

项目成果

A Regional, Early Spring Bloom of Phaeocystis pouchetii on the New England Continental Shelf

• DOI: 10.1029/2020jc016856
• 发表时间: 2021-02
• 期刊: Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans
• 作者: W. Smith;W. Zhang;Andrew J. Hirzel;R. Stanley;M. G. Meyer;H. Sosik;P. Alatalo;H. Oliver;Z. Sandwith;E. T. Crockford;Emily E. Peacock;Arshi Mehta;D. McGillicuddy

Cross-shelf exchange associated with a shelf-water streamer at the Mid-Atlantic Bight shelf edge

• DOI: 10.1016/j.pocean.2022.102931
• 发表时间: 2023-01
• 期刊: Progress in Oceanography
• 影响因子: 4.1
• 作者: W. Zhang;P. Alatalo;Taylor Crockford;Andrew J. Hirzel;M. G. Meyer;H. Oliver;Emily E. Peacock;Christian M. Petitpas;Z. Sandwith;W. Smith;H. Sosik;R. Stanley;Bethany L. F. Stevens;J. T. Turner;D. McGillicuddy

Ephemeral surface chlorophyll enhancement at the New England shelf break driven by Ekman restratification

• DOI: 10.1029/2021jc017715
• 发表时间: 2021-12
• 期刊: Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans
• 作者: H. Oliver;W. Zhang;Kevin M. Archibald;Andrew J. Hirzel;W. Smith;H. Sosik;R. Stanley;D. McGillicuddy

Phaeocystis : A Global Enigma

棕囊藻：全球之谜

• DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-022223-025031
• 发表时间: 2024
• 期刊: Annual Review of Marine Science
• 影响因子: 17.3
• 作者: Smith, Walker O.;Trimborn, Scarlett
• 通讯作者: Trimborn, Scarlett

Primary Productivity in the Mid-Atlantic Bight: Is the Shelf Break a Location of Enhanced Productivity?

大西洋中部湾的初级生产力：大陆架断裂是生产力提高的地方吗？

• DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2022.824303
• 发表时间: 2022
• 期刊: Frontiers in Marine Science
• 影响因子: 3.7
• 作者: Ma, Jiejie;Smith, Walker O.
• 通讯作者: Smith, Walker O.