Psychological processes of the bystander effect in dangerous and non-dangerous helping situations

经典的旁观者效应反映了在紧急情况下，当更多的旁观者比更少的旁观者在场时，个人帮助的可能性会降低（latan<s:1> & Nida, 1981）。先前关于公民勇气行为决定因素的研究项目的结果引出了实证旁观者研究尚未解决的三个问题。(1)在非危险帮助情境（低成本情境）中，经典旁观者效应的潜在心理过程是什么？(2)在危险帮助情境（高成本情境）中，经典旁观者效应的潜在心理过程是什么？特别是在危险的紧急情况方面，最近的研究表明，旁观者效应以减少甚至逆转的方式发生。最后，(3)旁观者效应是否也发生在没有物理受害者在场的危急情况下，从而不可能发生“责备受害者”效应？为了回答这三个问题，我们提出了七个实验研究。

The classic bystander effect reflects a reduced probability of individual helping when more compared to less additional bystanders are present in an emergency situation (Latané & Nida, 1981). Results of the previous research program on determinants of civil courage behavior lead to three further questons that are not yet resolved by empirical bystander research.(1) What are the underlying psychological processes of the classic bystander effect in non-dangerous helping situations (low cost situations)?(2) What are the underlying psychological processes of the classic bystander effect in dangerous helping situations (high cost situations)? Especially with regard to dangerous emergencies recent studies revealed that the bystander effect occurs in a reduced or even reversed manner. And, finally,(3) Does the bystander effect also occur in critical situations where no physical victim is present, and thus no "blame the victim" effect can occur. We propose seven experimental studies in order to answer these three questions.