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Psychosocial, Motivational, and Cooperative Effects of Communication, Enforcement, and Participatory Decision Making in Resource Dilemmas

资源困境中沟通、执行和参与决策的社会心理、动机和合作效应

基本信息

批准号：
1658608
负责人：
Daniel DeCaro
金额：
$ 69.06万
依托单位：
University of Louisville Research Foundation Inc
依托单位国家：
美国
项目类别：
Continuing Grant
财政年份：
2017
资助国家：
美国
起止时间：
2017-02-01 至 2023-01-31
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1658608&HistoricalAwards=false
关键词：
Psychosocial Motivational Cooperative Effects Communication

项目摘要

Cooperation is vital to a well-functioning society. Cooperation is needed to solve difficult societal problems, sustain shared social systems and resources (common-pool resources), and provide essential goods and services (public goods). Society's governance systems promote cooperation by protecting shared interests, encouraging people to follow rules, and reducing conflicts. Widespread and sustained cooperation, however, is not guaranteed. Recent world events show many examples of cooperative failures (e.g., global conflict, political upheaval, environmental degradation, and resource scarcity). The psychological mechanisms involved in cooperative decision making must be better understood to develop more effective solutions to these problems. The current research project examines the psychological processes associated with three important aspects of governance: communication, democratic decision making (e.g., voting), and enforcement (e.g., monitoring and financial punishments). The goal is to understand (a) when and why these governance mechanisms improve cooperation, or hinder it, and (b) what motivates groups of people to self-govern, creating their own effective solutions for shared problems. The research project looks at five core aspects of social cognition that influence people's group commitment and policy acceptance: perceptions of governmental legitimacy, satisfaction of fundamental needs (e.g., fair decision making, security), perceived reasons others act the way they do (causal attributions), group identity (e.g., liking, trust), and intrinsic and extrinsic motivations. By studying these fundamental aspects of social cognition, this research seeks to identify core principles of cooperation (e.g., enforcement must be legitimized) that can better explain cooperative failures in society (e.g., why regulatory systems sometimes backfire), reconcile competing theories in social science, and improve public policy. The project is mentoring many graduate and undergraduate students, with diverse backgrounds, in research design, data collection, analyses, and communication. Educational resources based on this research are incorporated into a new decision-making course, existing courses in sustainability and experimental economics, and developed for elementary schools. These materials are shared for public use. A free podcast series is created to share important concepts, research designs, and results with the public and scientific community; these podcasts also discuss societal implications, in light of major world events. The research team conducts five interdisciplinary lab experiments in 5 years. Groups manage a shared resource simulated on the computer in VCWeb (Virtual Commons software), earning money based on their harvests. Surveys measure motivations and perceptions corresponding to each of the five fundamental social cognitions. Experiment 1 examines (a) how communication improves cooperation and (b) the motivations involved in voluntary cooperation and self-organization. Participants will complete the resource governance task in different phases, with and without communication. Psychological effects of communication are correlated with observed levels of cooperation, and used to develop principles for institutional design and public policy. Experiment 2 assesses both communication and enforcement (economic sanctions). This study also examines how non-punitive aspects of enforcement (e.g., justification of sanctions, rehabilitative techniques) improve enforcement and counteract potentially harmful side-effects. Experiment 3 investigates how different voting processes potentially justify, or legitimize enforcement. This experiment clarifies when and how democratic processes and enforcement enhance one another. Experiment 4 examines how preferences for different governance systems (e.g., voting mechanisms) change over time, identifying core motivations that drive institutional evolution and dynamic fluctuations in cooperation. Experiment 5 tests boundary conditions and integrates key findings across each experiment. All results are related to a core theory of how fundamental needs contribute to group commitment, policy acceptance, and voluntary cooperation.

合作对一个运转良好的社会至关重要。需要合作来解决困难的社会问题，维持共享的社会系统和资源（公共资源库），并提供基本商品和服务（公共商品）。社会治理体系通过保护共同利益、鼓励人们遵守规则和减少冲突来促进合作。然而，广泛和持续的合作并没有得到保证。最近的世界事件显示了许多合作失败的例子（例如，全球冲突、政治动荡、环境退化和资源稀缺）。必须更好地了解参与合作决策的心理机制，以制定更有效的解决方案，这些问题。目前的研究项目考察了与治理的三个重要方面相关的心理过程：沟通，民主决策（例如，投票），和执行（例如，监督和经济处罚）。目标是了解（a）这些治理机制何时以及为什么会改善合作或阻碍合作，以及（B）是什么促使人们进行自我治理，为共同的问题创造自己的有效解决方案。该研究项目着眼于影响人们群体承诺和政策接受度的社会认知的五个核心方面：对政府合法性的看法、基本需求的满足（例如，公平决策、安全性），其他人行为方式的感知原因（因果归因），群体身份（例如，喜欢，信任），以及内在和外在的动机。通过研究社会认知的这些基本方面，本研究旨在确定合作的核心原则（例如，强制执行必须合法化），这可以更好地解释社会中的合作失败（例如，为什么监管制度有时会适得其反），调和社会科学中相互竞争的理论，并改善公共政策。该项目指导许多研究生和本科生，具有不同的背景，在研究设计，数据收集，分析和沟通。基于这项研究的教育资源被纳入一个新的决策过程中，现有的课程在可持续发展和实验经济学，并为小学开发。这些材料供公众使用。创建了一个免费的播客系列，与公众和科学界分享重要的概念，研究设计和结果;这些播客还讨论了重大世界事件的社会影响。该研究团队在5年内进行了5项跨学科实验室实验。小组管理一个在VCWeb（虚拟共享软件）计算机上模拟的共享资源，根据他们的收获赚钱。调查测量与五种基本社会认知中的每一种相对应的动机和感知。实验1考察了（a）沟通如何促进合作和（B）自愿合作和自我组织的动机。参与者将在不同的阶段完成资源治理任务，无论是否进行沟通。沟通的心理效果与观察到的合作水平相关，并用于制定制度设计和公共政策的原则。实验2评估沟通和执行（经济制裁）。本研究还探讨了执法的非惩罚性方面（例如，制裁的理由、改造技术）改进执行工作并抵消可能有害的副作用。实验3研究了不同的投票过程如何潜在地证明或合法化执法。这一实验阐明了民主进程和执行何时以及如何相互促进。实验4考察了不同治理体系的偏好（例如，投票机制）随着时间的推移而变化，确定推动机构演变和合作动态波动的核心动机。实验5测试边界条件，并整合每个实验的关键发现。所有的结果都与一个核心理论有关，即基本需求如何促进群体承诺、政策接受和自愿合作。