Collaborative Research: Evaluating the Influences of Aerosols on Low-level Cloud-precipitation Properties over Land and Ocean using Ground-based Observations and WRF Simulations

由自然和人为活动产生的气溶胶预计会对云的发展和水文循环产生相当深远的影响。虽然气溶胶的直接效应可以简单地认为是到达地球表面的太阳辐射的减少，但气溶胶的间接效应（AIE）涉及一系列复杂的气溶胶-云-降水相互作用。这些间接影响包括云微物理性质的改变，如云寿命、液滴大小分布、液态水含量和路径、光学深度和反照率。降水过程肯定会以许多有时是有害的方式受到影响。因此，由于严重依赖某一地区的公共消费、农业和工业用水分配，对整个社会产生了重大影响。智力优势：本研究采用协同方法，利用美国南部大平原和北大西洋东部地区的长期地面观测和反演资料，研究大陆和海洋条件下气溶胶和云的季节和日变化，并比较它们的异同。将进行空气包裹轨迹建模，以确定选定情况下气团的来源，并通过额外的WRF模拟来研究这两个地区的aie。这项研究很重要，因为它将有助于改善气溶胶和云的参数化，并提供对典型海洋和大陆条件下气溶胶-云-降水相互作用的深入了解。以下三个科学问题（SQs）将被调查。问题1：气溶胶与云的性质有什么异同，以及它们在海洋和陆地上的相互作用？问题2：气溶胶对云的微物理性质有什么间接影响？问3：风切变如何增强湍流混合和刺激毛毛雨的形成？更广泛的影响：这项研究将有助于为气溶胶-云-降水相互作用的建模提供更好的支持，从而使社会受益，这将有助于研究云和降水过程中可用水的长期分布。该项目的长远目标是通过对季节和区域气溶胶和云特性提供更好的约束，进一步减少气候模拟界的不确定性。此外，在本科和研究生地球科学课程中，将有很多机会将气溶胶-云相互作用作为“真实世界”的例子引入，学生不仅可以将这些例子作为跨学科的课堂项目进行研究，还可以改进当前的研究技术，并发展自己的论文和论文重点领域。

Aerosol generation resulting from natural and anthropogenic activities is expected to have considerable, far-reaching effects on cloud development and the hydrologic cycle. Though the aerosol direct effect can simply be thought of as a reduction of incoming solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface, the aerosol indirect effect (AIE) involves a complex set of aerosol-cloud-precipitation interactions. These indirect effects include the alteration of cloud microphysical properties such as cloud lifetime, droplet size distribution, liquid water content and path, optical depth, and albedo. Precipitation processes will certainly be affected in numerous and at times, detrimental ways. Hence, there is a major impact to society as a whole due to a heavy dependence on the distribution of available water over a given region for public consumption, agriculture, and industrial purposes.Intellectual Merit:This research adopts a synergistic approach that uses the long-term ground-based observations and retrievals from the Southern Great Plains of the United States and Eastern North Atlantic Ocean regions to investigate the seasonal and diurnal variations of aerosol and clouds under the continental and maritime conditions, as well as compare their similarities and differences. Air parcel trajectory modeling will be conducted to identify the sources of air masses for the selected cases to investigate the AIEs over these two regions with additional WRF simulations. This study is important because it will aid to improve aerosol and cloud parameterizations as well as provide an in-depth understanding of aerosol-cloud-precipitation interactions in typical maritime and continental conditions. The following three scientific questions (SQs) will be investigated.SQ1: What are the similarities and differences of aerosol-cloud properties, as well as their interactions over ocean and land? SQ2: What are the indirect effects of aerosols on cloud microphysical properties? SQ3: How does wind shear enhance turbulent mixing and stimulate drizzle formation?Broader Impacts:This research will benefit society by helping to provide better support for the modeling of aerosol-cloud-precipitation interactions which will aid in researching the long-term distribution of available water by clouds and precipitation processes. The far-reaching goal of this project is to further reduce uncertainties in the climate modeling community by providing better constraints for seasonal and regional aerosol and cloud properties. Moreover, there will be plenty of opportunities to introduce aerosol-cloud interactions as "real world" examples in undergraduate and graduate geoscience courses where the students can not only investigate these examples as interdisciplinary class projects, but also improve upon current research techniques and develop their own theses and dissertation areas of focus.