Collaborative Research: SusCHEM: Environmental Sustainability of Lead Perovskite Solar Cells

合作研究：SusCHEM：铅钙钛矿太阳能电池的环境可持续性

• 批准号: 1704957
• 负责人: Jason Baxter
• 金额: $ 20万
• 依托单位: Drexel University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2017
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2017-07-01 至 2022-06-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1704957&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Collaborative; Research; SusCHEM; Environmental; Sustainability

CBET - 1705606 PI: Fthenakis, Vasilis The last five years have seen an unprecedented rise in the efficiencies of lead-based organometal halide perovskite solar cells, which now exceed 22% and match the best thin film device technologies that have been developed over several decades. The record device efficiencies, earth-abundant constituent elements, and potential for low-cost processing have led to great enthusiasm for this technology and hopes of rapid commercialization. However, the necessity of using acutely toxic lead has caused concern. Current opinion within industry, academia and government ranges from the assertion that any use of lead is unacceptable to the belief that the lead intensity will be small and the risks minimal. Given this dichotomy, the primary objectives of this project are: (1) to assess the environmental sustainability of lead halide perovskite photovoltaics (PVs), and (2) to apply this assessment to inform and direct future research, development, and manufacturing approaches related to perovskite PVs.The data-driven approach to be employed centers on environmental sustainability and life cycle assessment (LCA) of lead-based perovskite PVs with materials and processing methods of real industrial relevance. Environmental impacts of lead perovskite solar cells will be assessed throughout their life cycle, including extraction of materials, manufacturing of PV modules, deployment and operation of modules, and end-of-life recycling. LCA will focus primarily on metrics related to carbon and lead intensity, including greenhouse gas emissions, energy payback time, and heavy metal emissions. Specific aims include: (1) Developing a life cycle inventory for lead halide perovskite PVs with materials and processing methods that are industrially relevant, enabling PVs with high efficiency, long operational lifetimes, highrate manufacturing, and low cost; (2) Evaluating LCA results for a variety of perovskite PV device designs and manufacturing routes to identify the most environmentally sustainable pathways to commercialization; (3) Quantifying heavy metal and carbon intensity for perovskite PVs and comparing to other PV technologies such as CdTe and Si with and without lead-based solder and to lead-emitting fossil-fuel life cycles. Efficient, low-cost solar cells based upon lead halide perovskites have the potential to transform the US and global energy portfolio and improve energy security if they can be manufactured, operated, and retired in an environmentally sustainable manner. This project has the potential to impact the future of PV manufacturing by providing industry, policy-makers, and academia with insights necessary to choose which, if any, lead-based solar cell life cycles are environmentally sustainable. Research will be integrated into multiple courses and senior design projects at Drexel and Columbia. Outreach will extend to underserved K-12 students through expansion of the Junior Solar Sprint program in the West Philadelphia Promise Zone, where the poverty rate is over 50%.

Fthenakis， Vasilis在过去的五年里，铅基有机金属卤化物钙钛矿太阳能电池的效率有了前所未有的提高，现在已经超过了22%，与几十年来开发的最好的薄膜设备技术相媲美。创纪录的设备效率、地球丰富的组成元素和低成本处理的潜力使人们对这项技术产生了极大的热情，并希望迅速商业化。然而，使用剧毒铅的必要性引起了关注。目前，工业界、学术界和政府的意见不一，有的认为任何铅的使用都是不可接受的，有的认为铅的强度很小，风险最小。鉴于这种二分法，本项目的主要目标是：(1)评估卤化铅钙钛矿光伏（pv）的环境可持续性，(2)应用该评估为钙钛矿光伏相关的未来研究、开发和制造方法提供信息和指导。采用数据驱动的方法，以铅基钙钛矿光伏的环境可持续性和生命周期评估（LCA）为中心，具有真正的工业相关性的材料和加工方法。铅钙钛矿太阳能电池的环境影响将在其整个生命周期内进行评估，包括材料的提取、光伏组件的制造、组件的部署和操作以及寿命结束后的回收。LCA将主要关注与碳和铅强度相关的指标，包括温室气体排放、能源回报时间和重金属排放。具体目标包括：(1)利用与工业相关的材料和加工方法，开发卤化铅钙钛矿pv的生命周期清单，使pv具有高效率，长使用寿命，高制造率和低成本；(2)评估各种钙钛矿光伏设备设计和制造路线的LCA结果，以确定最环保的可持续商业化途径；(3)量化钙钛矿光伏的重金属和碳强度，并与其他光伏技术（如CdTe和Si）进行比较，并与铅排放的化石燃料生命周期进行比较。基于卤化铅钙钛矿的高效、低成本太阳能电池如果能够以环境可持续的方式制造、运营和退役，就有可能改变美国和全球的能源组合，提高能源安全。该项目有可能影响光伏制造业的未来，为行业、政策制定者和学术界提供必要的见解，以选择哪种（如果有的话）铅基太阳能电池的生命周期是环境可持续的。研究将被整合到德雷克塞尔大学和哥伦比亚大学的多个课程和高级设计项目中。通过扩大西费城承诺区（West Philadelphia Promise Zone）的少年太阳能冲刺项目（Junior Solar Sprint），该项目将扩展到服务不足的K-12学生，那里的贫困率超过50%。

项目成果

Environmental Sustainability of Mixed Cation Perovskite Materials in Photovoltaics Manufacturing

• DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c05619
• 发表时间: 2020-11-09
• 期刊: ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING
• 影响因子: 8.4
• 作者: Khalifa, Sherif A.;Spatari, Sabrina;Baxter, Jason B.
• 通讯作者: Baxter, Jason B.

Life Cycle Environmental Impacts of Precursors Used in the Supply Chain of Emerging Perovskite Solar Cells

新兴钙钛矿太阳能电池供应链中使用的前驱体的生命周期环境影响

• DOI: 10.1109/pvsc43889.2021.9518973
• 发表时间: 2021
• 期刊: 2021 IEEE 48th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC
• 作者: Khalifa, Sherif A.;Spatari, Sabrina;Fafarman, Aaron T.;Baxter, Jason B.
• 通讯作者: Baxter, Jason B.

Comparative evaluation of lead emissions and toxicity potential in the life cycle of lead halide perovskite photovoltaics

• DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2018.10.141
• 发表时间: 2019-01-01
• 期刊: ENERGY
• 影响因子: 9
• 作者: Billen, Pieter;Leccisi, Enrica;Baxter, Jason B.
• 通讯作者: Baxter, Jason B.