Theory and implementation of exceptional points of degeneracy for oscillators and array radiators based on spatial combiners

基于空间组合器的振荡器和阵列辐射器简并异常点的理论与实现

• 批准号: 1711975
• 负责人: Filippo Capolino
• 金额: $ 38万
• 依托单位: University of California-Irvine
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2017
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2017-08-01 至 2021-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1711975&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Theory; implementation; exceptional; points; degeneracy

High performance electronics is important in a variety of societal applications. Improvements based on the proposed research effort are expected to be significant in terms of energy-efficient electronics and of the quality of the generated oscillating frequency, which are both key features in modern electronic systems. The proposed work explores a new method to generate electromagnetic waves with stable frequencies with low noise and without wasting power. It is expected that the power necessary to provide oscillations is between one-half and one-tenth of that used by conventional oscillators design techniques. The other major outcome of the proposed research is an improved way to generate radiated high power in an efficient fashion, while being technologically simpler than other current solutions. It is known that high power generation at millimeter waves is notoriously challenging because single sources realized using semiconductors cannot provide high power levels. The solution adopted in this work is based on combining the power radiated by many individual radiating oscillators; thanks to a self-locking effect due to the degeneracy condition the oscillation frequency is expected to be pure, i.e., have low noise, and to produce high power radiation levels at a specific direction. Although the research is focused on exploring how to use for the first time the degeneracy condition in radio frequency systems, the acquired theoretical knowledge will also be useful for solving a variety of other problems, such as making highly sensitive sensors. The investigators will provide interdisciplinary training to participating graduate students through research; they will mentor undergraduate students in research fostering diversity in science and technology; and they will disseminate research to both scientific and layman audiences for the broad population to foster interest in electromagnetics and electronics. The proposed research activity aims at providing first a theoretical foundation of microwave and millimeter wave (mm-wave) circuits that are based on the exceptional point of degeneracy (EPD) in coupled-mode circuits and transmission lines. Second, this research will explore and implement various novel applications such as robust conditions of oscillation in distributed oscillators and spatial power combiners made of array grid oscillators. The novelty is based on the recently discovered physical phenomenon of giant resonance in coupled waveguides that support a degenerate band edge (DBE). A DBE is a very special degeneracy condition occurring when critical coupling is established between two or more guided modes. This proposal targets two related outcomes: (1) Theory and demonstration of a novel principle of operation for oscillators in silicon-based technology, including CMOS, based on the DBE; (2) Theory and demonstration of a novel principle of operation of radiation by spatial power combiners made of arrayed, tightly locked oscillating elements operating at an exceptional point of degeneracy (EPD) present in planar coupled-mode structures. The new principle of operation will be theoretically and experimentally investigated at microwaves and millimeter waves, and compared to existing technology of oscillators and spatial combiners. The proposed research is expected to provide advantages in terms of energy efficiency, more robust oscillation in the presence of load variations, lower phase noise, and improved stability of the frequency of oscillation and radiation. The proposed concepts related to degeneracy conditions have not yet been explored or even proposed in the area of microwave or millimeter-wave circuits. Outcomes of this project may enable future generations of high-efficiency oscillators, distributed amplifiers, as well as novel grid oscillators, which are the backbone of any communication system at microwave and mm-waves.

高性能电子产品在各种社会应用中非常重要。基于拟议的研究工作的改进预计将在节能电子产品和所产生的振荡频率的质量方面具有重要意义，这两者都是现代电子系统的关键特征。这项工作探索了一种新的方法，以产生具有稳定频率的电磁波，具有低噪声和不浪费功率。预期提供振荡所需的功率在常规振荡器设计技术所使用的功率的二分之一和十分之一之间。拟议研究的另一个主要成果是一种改进的方式，以高效的方式产生辐射高功率，同时在技术上比其他当前解决方案更简单。众所周知，在毫米波下的高功率产生是非常具有挑战性的，因为使用半导体实现的单个源不能提供高功率水平。在这项工作中采用的解决方案是基于组合由许多单独的辐射振荡器辐射的功率;由于由于简并条件引起的自锁效应，振荡频率预计是纯的，即，具有低噪音，并在特定方向上产生高功率辐射水平。虽然研究的重点是探索如何首次在射频系统中使用简并条件，但获得的理论知识也将有助于解决各种其他问题，例如制造高灵敏度传感器。研究人员将通过研究为参与研究生提供跨学科培训;他们将指导本科生进行研究，促进科学和技术的多样性;他们将向广大民众的科学和外行受众传播研究成果，以培养对电磁学和电子学的兴趣。拟议的研究活动的目的是提供第一个微波和毫米波（毫米波）电路的理论基础是基于耦合模电路和传输线中的例外点退化（EPD）。其次，本研究将探索并实现各种新颖的应用，例如分布式振荡器和阵列栅振荡器组成的空间功率合成器中的鲁棒振荡条件。新奇是基于最近发现的物理现象的巨共振耦合波导，支持一个退化的带边（DBE）。 DBE是一种非常特殊的简并条件，发生在两个或多个导模之间建立临界耦合时。该提案针对两个相关成果：（1）基于DBE的硅基技术（包括CMOS）中振荡器的新操作原理的理论和演示;（2）由阵列构成的空间功率合成器的辐射操作的新原理的理论和演示，紧密锁定的振荡元件在平面耦合模结构中存在的例外简并点（EPD）处操作。新的工作原理将在微波和毫米波进行理论和实验研究，并与现有的振荡器和空间组合器技术进行比较。预计所提出的研究将在能量效率、在存在负载变化的情况下更鲁棒的振荡、更低的相位噪声以及振荡和辐射频率的更好的稳定性方面提供优势。在微波或毫米波电路领域，与简并条件相关的所提出的概念尚未被探索或甚至被提出。该项目的成果可能会使未来几代的高效率振荡器，分布式放大器，以及新颖的栅极振荡器，这是在微波和毫米波的任何通信系统的骨干。

项目成果

Frozen Mode in Three-Way Periodic Microstrip Coupled Waveguide

三路周期性微带耦合波导中的冻结模式

• DOI: 10.1109/lmwc.2020.3042205
• 发表时间: 2021
• 期刊: IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters
• 影响因子: 3
• 作者: Nada, Mohamed Y.;Mealy, Tarek;Capolino, Filippo
• 通讯作者: Capolino, Filippo

Exceptional Points of Degeneracy in Periodic Coupled Waveguides and the Interplay of Gain and Radiation Loss: Theoretical and Experimental Demonstration

周期性耦合波导简并的特殊点以及增益和辐射损耗的相互作用：理论和实验论证

• DOI: 10.1109/tap.2019.2922778
• 发表时间: 2019
• 期刊: IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation
• 影响因子: 5.7
• 作者: Abdelshafy, Ahmed F.;Othman, Mohamed A.;Oshmarin, Dmitry;Almutawa, Ahmad T.;Capolino, Filippo
• 通讯作者: Capolino, Filippo

Exceptional Points of Degeneracy Induced by Linear Time-Periodic Variation

• DOI: 10.1103/physrevapplied.11.014007
• 发表时间: 2019-01-04
• 期刊: PHYSICAL REVIEW APPLIED
• 影响因子: 4.6
• 作者: Kazemi, Hamidreza;Nada, Mohamed Y.;Capolino, Filippo
• 通讯作者: Capolino, Filippo

Sixth-Order Degenerate Band Edge in Coupled Microstrip Waveguides

耦合微带波导中的六阶简并带边

• DOI: 10.1103/physrevapplied.17.064049
• 发表时间: 2022
• 期刊: Physical Review Applied
• 影响因子: 4.6
• 作者: Yazdi, Farshad;Oshmarin, Dmitry;Mealy, Tarek;Almutawa, Ahmad T.;Nikzamir, Alireza;Capolino, Filippo
• 通讯作者: Capolino, Filippo

High-sensitivity in various gyrator-based circuits with exceptional points of degeneracy

• DOI: 10.1051/epjam/2022005
• 发表时间: 2022
• 期刊: EPJ Applied Metamaterials
• 影响因子: 1.6
• 作者: K. Rouhi;A. Nikzamir;A. Figotin;F. Capolino