EAGER: Human-Team-Machine Interaction in Emergency Response

EAGER：应急响应中的人-团队-机器交互

• 批准号: 1724676
• 负责人: S. Camille Peres
• 金额: $ 23.99万
• 依托单位: Texas A&M University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2016
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2016-08-01 至 2019-07-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1724676&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: EAGER; Human; Team; Machine; Interaction

A critical challenge to emergency response in critical infrastructures is understanding how decisions are made by the incident management team (IMT), which serves as the nerve center guiding the overall response effort. At the core of decision-making in such large and dynamic teams is team cognition, which in emergency response can be viewed as the responders' ability to form a "common operating picture." The goal of this EArly-concept Grant for Exploratory Research (EAGER) project is to examine the relationship of cognition to individual and team performance in IMTs. While it is difficult to study actual IMTs at work, high-fidelity simulation facilities place responders in exercises that replicate real-world emergency events. This research leverages one such facility, the Emergency Operations Training Center (EOTC) operated by the Texas A&M Engineering Extension Service (TEEX), a world leader in emergency responder training, to study IMTs without the need to collect data during actual incidents (which would be both impractical and undesirable given the urgency of real events). Based on observations and recordings, the researchers will conduct a qualitative analysis of team communication and build social networks representing interactions among team members, which collectively form cognition in the team, according to recent findings. The researchers will break the team's work into its constituent elements and examine how each element makes use of key technologies. Because the work involves performance-oriented interventions, it will lead to improved responder training and thus will contribute to reduced loss of life and property during catastrophic events. The EOTC will be able to use research findings to guide redesign of software and training tools. As leaders in emergency management, EOTC instructors and staff are in regular communication with policymakers, enabling them to translate research outcomes into actionable information to improve the U.S. National Preparedness Guidelines, the National Incident Management System (NIMS), and state and local equivalents.This research seeks to characterize the influence of interactions among humans, teams, and technologies on individual and team performance in high-pressure, time-constrained environments such as emergency response. In these situations, the IMT supports first responders from a centralized incident command post (ICP). The IMT solves complex safety-critical problems under high time pressure and ubiquitous information flow, so the team's ability to receive, process, and share information is essential to successful outcomes. Building on the view that team cognition is inseparable into individual cognition, the research focuses on the team as a singular entity, termed the "aggregate team artifact." Unlike traditional human-machine interaction (HMI) studies, this research examines two new complementary concepts: human-team interaction (HTI) and team-machine interaction (TMI). While HTI focuses on individuals' interactions with the aggregate team artifact, TMI applies HMI methods to the team entity's interactions with tools and technologies. The researchers will conduct a focused study to explore and validate HTI and TMI. During exercises involving actual emergency responders in high-fidelity ICP simulations, the work of the Planning subteam will be recorded and transcribed. Beginning with grounded theory analysis of transcripts, the researchers will categorize HTI and TMI content, build team communication networks to devise metrics of HTI, adapt task analysis techniques to assess TMI, and relate metrics of HTI and TMI to individual and team performance. This work will make fundamental contributions to human factors (HTI and TMI to complement HMI), social and organizational psychology (team cognition in real-world high-pressure settings), and systems engineering (characterization of teams as complex systems). By providing a proof-of-concept for HTI and TMI, this exploratory study will serve as an initial step toward the creation of an integrated predictive model for emergency response.

关键基础设施应急响应的一个关键挑战是了解事件管理团队（IMT）是如何做出决策的，IMT是指导整体响应工作的神经中枢。在这样的大型动态团队中，决策的核心是团队认知，在应急响应中，团队认知可以被视为响应者形成“共同操作画面”的能力。“这个早期概念探索性研究资助（EAGER）项目的目标是研究认知与IMT中个人和团队绩效的关系。虽然很难研究实际工作中的IMT，但高保真模拟设施将响应者置于模拟真实世界紧急事件的演习中。这项研究利用了这样一个设施，紧急操作培训中心（EOTC）由得克萨斯州A M工程推广服务（TEEX），在紧急响应培训的世界领导者，研究IMT，而不需要收集数据在实际事件（这将是不切实际的和不可取的，鉴于真实的事件的紧迫性）。根据最近的研究结果，研究人员将根据观察和记录，对团队沟通进行定性分析，并建立代表团队成员之间互动的社交网络，这些网络共同形成团队中的认知。研究人员将把团队的工作分解为组成元素，并研究每个元素如何利用关键技术。由于这项工作涉及以业绩为导向的干预措施，它将导致改进应急培训，从而有助于减少灾难性事件期间的生命和财产损失。EOTC将能够使用研究结果来指导软件和培训工具的重新设计。作为应急管理的领导者，EOTC的教师和工作人员与政策制定者定期沟通，使他们能够将研究成果转化为可操作的信息，以改善美国国家准备指南，国家事故管理系统（NIMS）以及州和地方的等效物。这项研究旨在描述人类，团队，以及在高压、时间有限的环境中（如应急反应）个人和团队表现的技术。在这些情况下，IMT支持来自集中事件指挥所（ICP）的第一响应者。IMT在高时间压力和无处不在的信息流下解决复杂的安全关键问题，因此团队接收、处理和共享信息的能力对于成功的结果至关重要。基于团队认知与个体认知密不可分的观点，本研究将团队作为一个单一的实体，称之为“聚合团队工件”。与传统的人机交互（HMI）研究不同，本研究探讨了两个新的互补概念：人-团队交互（HTI）和团队-机器交互（TMI）。HTI关注于个人与聚合团队工件的交互，而TMI将HMI方法应用于团队实体与工具和技术的交互。研究人员将进行一项重点研究，以探索和验证HTI和TMI。在涉及高保真ICP模拟中的实际紧急响应者的演习期间，将记录和转录规划小组的工作。从成绩单的扎根理论分析开始，研究人员将对HTI和TMI内容进行分类，建立团队沟通网络以设计HTI的指标，调整任务分析技术以评估TMI，并将HTI和TMI的指标与个人和团队绩效联系起来。这项工作将对人的因素（HTI和TMI以补充HMI），社会和组织心理学（现实世界高压环境中的团队认知）和系统工程（将团队描述为复杂系统）做出根本性的贡献。通过为HTI和TMI提供概念验证，这项探索性研究将作为创建应急响应综合预测模型的第一步。

项目成果

Redefining and Measuring Resilience in Emergency Management Systems

重新定义和衡量应急管理系统的弹性

• DOI: 10.1177/1541931213601899
• 发表时间: 2017
• 期刊: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
• 作者: Son, Changwon;Sasangohar, Farzan;Peres, S. Camille
• 通讯作者: Peres, S. Camille

Evaluation of work-as-done in information management of multidisciplinary incident management teams via Interaction Episode Analysis

通过交互事件分析评估多学科事件管理团队信息管理中的已完成工作

• DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2019.103031
• 发表时间: 2020
• 期刊: Applied Ergonomics
• 影响因子: 3.2
• 作者: Son, Changwon;Sasangohar, Farzan;Neville, Timothy J.;Peres, S. Camille;Moon, Jukrin
• 通讯作者: Moon, Jukrin

An Episode as a Trace of Resilient Performance in Multi-Agency Incident Management Systems.

作为多机构事件管理系统弹性性能轨迹的一个片段。

• 发表时间: 2018
• 期刊: The International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management
• 作者: Son, C.;Moon, J.;Sasangohar, F.;Peres, S. C.
• 通讯作者: Peres, S. C.

An Episode as a Trace of Resilient Performance in Large-Scale Incident Management Systems

• DOI: 10.1177/1541931218621178
• 发表时间: 2018-09
• 期刊: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
• 作者: Changwon Son;F. Sasangohar;S. Peres;S. Mannan;Mary Kay O’Connor

System-level investigation of cognitive adaptation in incident management.

事件管理中认知适应的系统级调查。

• 发表时间: 2019
• 期刊: Resilience Engineering Association (REA
• 作者: Moon, J