Collaborative Research: Spatial Utilization and Social Interaction in Non-Complex Socieites

合作研究：非复杂社会中的空间利用和社会互动

• 批准号: 1727368
• 负责人: Lisa Maher
• 金额: $ 14.44万
• 依托单位: University of California-Berkeley
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2017
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2017-07-01 至 2023-06-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1727368&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Collaborative; Research; Spatial; Utilization; Social

Most of the world's societies today rely on food produced by humans, whether by farming or other aspects of landscape management. Dr. Lisa Maher, of the University of California, Berkeley, and Dr. Danielle Macdonald, of the University of Tulsa, examine the long-term impacts of the transition from hunting, gathering, and fishing to the earliest food-producing societies in prehistory located in the Middle East. While this transition was gradual and nonlinear, with lots of fits and starts, comparatively little research has been done on the hunter-gatherer communities whose lifeways set the stage for the origins of agriculture and later urbanization. This research explores this earlier period, approximately 20,000 years ago, to understand changing social organization and human-environment interactions through the analysis of a large hunter-gatherer aggregation site, and to reconstruct the broader social and economic relationships between people at this site and others in the surrounding hunter-gatherer world. Changes in the mechanisms of social organization during this time are integral to understanding how hunter-gatherer groups organized themselves and how these lifeways were re-organized with food-production, changing how people perceived and understood the natural world. Combining excavations at a hunter-gatherer aggregation site with analysis of occupation traces, material culture ties to contemporary sites, and environmental records permits rigorous evaluation of prehistoric adaptations to fluctuating environmental conditions and the sustainability of different lifeways. Today, these issues remain at the forefront of local, national and global agendas as populations invest in evidence-based water conservation strategies. Understanding the responses of past people, foragers and farmers alike, to changing environmental and water resources provides a necessary long term record of adaptation and has great impact for future planning. Partnering with local Jordanian communities and institutions, this research supports local initiatives to provide education about related climate and culture change and promote heritage conservation and environmental stewardship, particularly with local communities. To address long-term changes and explore the nature of hunter-gatherer behavior at the cusp of agriculture, Drs. Macdonald and Maher, along with an international team of researchers, will examine the high-resolution archaeological record of multi-season, prolonged and repeated habitation of the region's largest and densest hunter-gatherer aggregation site in Jordan. Here, ~20,000 years ago, hunter-gatherers congregated from across the region, leaving traces of architectural structures, human burials, and symbolic artifacts, hinting at emerging village settlement, economic intensification, and ritual behaviors associated with dwelling and intensive landscape use almost 10,000 years earlier than previously known from Neolithic farming villages. Through these lines of evidence, researchers examine how people were integrated into a broader regional landscape of social interaction and how they adapted to the changing environment. Issues of resilience in the face of dramatic environmental change, sustainable lifeways and practices, and dynamics of how and why people establish, maintain and, sometimes, strengthen economic and social connections to each other during times of social upheaval resonate today, and were important aspects of human behavior from at least the transition from hunting-gathering to agriculture. There is much to be learned about the causes of global food and climate challenges today from this kind of detailed archaeological study of past societies, as well as about strategies for how people developed productive relationships with each other and the landscape to address such challenges.

当今世界的大多数社会都依赖于人类生产的食物，无论是通过农业还是其他方面的景观管理。加州大学伯克利分校的丽莎·马赫博士和塔尔萨大学的丹妮尔·麦克唐纳博士研究了史前中东地区从狩猎、采集和捕鱼到最早的粮食生产社会的过渡的长期影响。虽然这种转变是渐进的和非线性的，有很多的断断续续的，但对狩猎采集社区的研究相对较少，这些社区的生活方式为农业的起源和后来的城市化奠定了基础。这项研究探讨了这个早期，大约20,000年前，通过分析一个大型狩猎采集聚集地来了解不断变化的社会组织和人与环境的相互作用，并重建这个地点的人与周围狩猎采集世界的人之间更广泛的社会和经济关系。这一时期社会组织机制的变化对于理解狩猎采集群体如何组织自己以及这些生活方式如何通过粮食生产重新组织，改变人们感知和理解自然世界的方式至关重要。结合在狩猎采集聚集地的挖掘，分析职业痕迹，物质文化与当代遗址的联系，以及环境记录，可以严格评估史前对波动环境条件的适应和不同生活方式的可持续性。今天，这些问题仍然是地方、国家和全球议程的重点，因为人们投资于循证的水资源保护战略。了解过去的人，觅食者和农民一样，不断变化的环境和水资源的反应提供了一个必要的长期适应记录，并对未来的规划有很大的影响。这项研究与约旦当地社区和机构合作，支持地方倡议，提供有关气候和文化变化的教育，促进遗产保护和环境管理，特别是与当地社区合作。为了解决长期变化和探索狩猎采集者行为的性质在农业的尖端，麦克唐纳博士和马赫，沿着与一个国际研究小组，将研究该地区最大的和dennial狩猎采集者聚集地在约旦的多季节，长期和重复居住的高分辨率考古记录。大约2万年前，狩猎采集者从该地区各地聚集，留下了建筑结构，人类墓葬和象征性文物的痕迹，暗示了新兴的村庄定居，经济集约化以及与居住和密集景观使用相关的仪式行为，比以前已知的新石器时代农村早了近1万年。通过这些证据，研究人员研究了人们如何融入更广泛的社会互动区域景观，以及他们如何适应不断变化的环境。面对剧烈的环境变化，可持续的生活方式和实践，以及人们如何以及为什么在社会动荡时期建立，保持，有时加强彼此之间的经济和社会联系的动态问题，在今天引起共鸣，并且是人类行为的重要方面，至少从狩猎采集到农业的过渡。从对过去社会的这种详细考古研究中，我们可以了解到当今全球粮食和气候挑战的原因，以及人们如何发展相互之间的生产关系和应对这些挑战的战略。

项目成果

Life, death, and the destruction of architecture: Hunter-gatherer mortuary behaviors in prehistoric Jordan

生命、死亡和建筑的破坏：史前约旦狩猎采集者的太平间行为

• DOI: 10.1016/j.jaa.2020.101262
• 发表时间: 2021
• 期刊: Journal of Anthropological Archaeology
• 影响因子: 1.8
• 作者: Maher, Lisa A.;Macdonald, Danielle A.;Pomeroy, Emma;Stock, Jay T.
• 通讯作者: Stock, Jay T.

Homes for Hunters? Exploring the Concept of Home at Hunter-Gatherer Sites in Upper Paleolithic Europe and Epipaleolithic Southwest Asia

猎人之家？

• DOI: 10.1086/701523
• 发表时间: 2019
• 期刊: Current Anthropology
• 影响因子: 2.2
• 作者: Maher, Lisa A.;Conkey, Margaret
• 通讯作者: Conkey, Margaret

Landscapes of the past: Creation of persistent places in hunter-gatherer landscapes of Southwest Asia and Japan

过去的景观：在西南亚和日本的狩猎采集景观中创造持久的地方

• 发表时间: 2021
• 期刊: Japanese journal of archaeology
• 作者: Maher, Lisa A.

2019 Excavations at the Epipalaeolithic Site of Kharaneh IV

2019 年 Kharaneh IV 古石器时代遗址的发掘

• 发表时间: 2020
• 期刊: American Center of Oriental Research publications
• 作者: L. Maher, D. Macdonald

Leaving home: Technological and landscape knowledge as resilience at pre-Holocene Kharaneh IV, Azraq Basin, Jordan

离开家园：约旦阿兹拉克盆地前全新世 Kharaneh IV 的技术和景观知识作为复原力

• DOI: 10.1177/09596836221121784
• 发表时间: 2022
• 期刊: The Holocene
• 作者: Macdonald, Danielle A.;Maher, Lisa A.
• 通讯作者: Maher, Lisa A.