Cross-cultural trust and resource sharing: The Role of Ideal Affect

跨文化信任与资源共享：理想情感的作用

• 批准号: 1732963
• 负责人: Jeanne Tsai
• 金额: $ 57.5万
• 依托单位: Stanford University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2017
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2017-08-01 至 2023-07-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1732963&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Cross; cultural; trust; resource; sharing

Trust is the basis of social coordination and cooperation, and considered by many to be the very foundation of high-functioning societies. Indeed, people share more with people whom they trust, and societies with higher levels of trust have more efficient judicial systems, higher quality government bureaucracies, less corruption, and are more economically developed. How do people decide whom to trust, especially when they need to make these decisions quickly, with very little information? Remarkably, little is known about the cues that people use to judge trustworthiness and how these cues might vary across cultures, despite the fact that these cues may critically determine whether people become friend or foe. This is especially important now because people are in greater contact with others whose cultural ideas and practices differ from their own. In the proposed project, Tsai and colleagues test the hypothesis that people trust and share more resources with others whose emotional expressions match how people ideally want to feel (their ideal affect). They predict that cultural differences in whom people trust and share resources with are due to cultural differences in how people ideally want to feel. This prediction is tested in three behavioral and three fMRI experiments, as well as a longitudinal study. These findings will provide insights about interpersonal trust in different cultures.In previous work, we observed that members of North American cultures value excited states---excitement, enthusiasm, and elation---more, while members of East Asian cultures value calm states---calm, peacefulness, serenity---more. These cultural differences influenced whom people trusted and with whom they shared resources. European Americans trusted and gave more to people who showed excitement (vs. calm), whereas East Asians trusted and gave more to people who showed calm (vs. excitement). These findings demonstrate that people trust and give more to others whose emotional expressions match their ideal affect. This ideal affect match mattered even more than matches in race or sex, suggesting that emotional expressions may signal shared values even more than more static facial features. In the proposed project, we use a variety of experimental, cross-cultural, and neuroimaging methods to examine whether situational factors (i.e., having time to deliberate; being in a good vs. bad mood; knowing someone's reputation) increase or decrease people's use of emotional cues to decide whom to trust and share with. In addition, using a longitudinal design, we examine whether these processes influence the development of trust and friendship while people are adjusting to new cultures -- specifically, Chinese studying in the U.S., and Americans studying in China. Together, these studies will: (1) advance understanding of how people decide whom to trust and share resources; (2) promote cross-cultural communication and exchange; and (3) increase awareness about the unconscious cultural biases that may result in discrimination against particular groups (e.g., bicultural Asian Americans) in multicultural societies like the U.S.

信任是社会协调与合作的基础，被许多人认为是高功能社会的基础。事实上，人们会与他们信任的人分享更多的东西，而信任程度越高的社会拥有更高效的司法系统、更高质量的政府官僚机构、更少的腐败，经济也更发达。人们如何决定信任谁，尤其是当他们需要在信息很少的情况下快速做出决定的时候？值得注意的是，我们对人们用来判断可信度的线索以及这些线索在不同文化中如何变化知之甚少，尽管这些线索可能会决定性地决定人们是成为朋友还是敌人。这一点现在尤其重要，因为人们与其他文化观念和习俗与自己不同的人有更多的接触。在提议的项目中，蔡和同事们测试了一个假设，即人们信任和分享更多资源的人，他们的情感表达符合人们理想的感受（他们的理想情感）。他们预测，人们信任和共享资源的文化差异是由于人们理想感受的文化差异。这一预测在三个行为和三个功能磁共振成像实验以及纵向研究中得到了验证。这些发现将为不同文化背景下的人际信任研究提供见解。在之前的工作中，我们观察到北美文化的成员更看重兴奋状态——兴奋、热情和兴高采烈，而东亚文化的成员更看重平静状态——平静、和平、宁静。这些文化差异影响了人们信任谁以及与谁共享资源。欧洲裔美国人更信任表现出兴奋的人（相对于冷静的人），而东亚人更信任表现出冷静的人（相对于兴奋的人），并给予更多。这些发现表明，人们更信任和给予那些情感表达与自己理想情感相符的人。这种理想的情感匹配甚至比种族或性别的匹配更重要，这表明情感表达可能比静态的面部特征更能表明共同的价值观。在拟议的项目中，我们使用各种实验、跨文化和神经成像方法来检查情境因素（即，有时间深思熟虑；心情好与坏；了解某人的声誉）是否增加或减少了人们使用情感线索来决定信任和分享的人。此外，通过纵向设计，我们考察了在人们适应新文化时，这些过程是否会影响信任和友谊的发展，特别是在美国学习的中国人和在中国学习的美国人。总之，这些研究将：(1)促进对人们如何决定信任谁和共享资源的理解；(2)促进跨文化的沟通与交流；(3)提高对无意识的文化偏见的认识，这些偏见可能导致在美国等多元文化社会中对特定群体（例如双文化亚裔美国人）的歧视

项目成果

The OECD’s ‘Well-being 2030’ agenda: how PISA's affective turn gets lost in translation: 经合组织“福祉 2030 ”议程： PISA 的情感转向如何在翻译中迷失

OECD 的“2030 年福祉”议程：PISA 的情感转向如何在翻译中迷失：“2030 年”

• DOI: 10.1080/03050068.2023.2273640
• 发表时间: 2023
• 期刊: Comparative Education
• 影响因子: 3.3
• 作者: Rappleye, Jeremy;Komatsu, Hikaru;Uchida, Yukiko;Tsai, Jeanne;Markus, Hazel
• 通讯作者: Markus, Hazel

Why does passion matter more in individualistic cultures?

• DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2102055118
• 发表时间: 2021-04-05
• 期刊: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
• 影响因子: 11.1
• 作者: Tsai JL

Valuing high arousal negative states increases negative responses toward outgroups across cultures.

• DOI: 10.1037/emo0001101
• 发表时间: 2022-05
• 期刊: Emotion
• 影响因子: 4.2
• 作者: Magali Clobert;Joni Y. Sasaki;K. Hwang;J. Tsai