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Collaborative Research: The financial impact of inventor migration on individuals and regions

合作研究：发明人移民对个人和地区的财务影响

基本信息

批准号：
1735669
负责人：
Matthew Marx
金额：
$ 21.1万
依托单位：
Trustees of Boston University
依托单位国家：
美国
项目类别：
Standard Grant
财政年份：
2017
资助国家：
美国
起止时间：
2017-08-01 至 2020-12-31
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1735669&HistoricalAwards=false
关键词：
Collaborative Research financial impact inventor

项目摘要

Silicon Valley contributes an increasingly disproportionate amount of innovation and entrepreneurship to the U.S. economy. If this trend continues, regional innovation inequality in the United States will almost certainly be exacerbated. Large segments of the nation?s potential scientific workforce might fail to develop, or might be overlooked, if innovation is concentrated only in a few regions. This project examines how the intra and inter-regional mobility of engineers contributes to this process. Among the many explanations given for the rise of Silicon Valley to entrepreneurial and economic prominence is its high-velocity labor market, in which workers are more loyal to their profession than to any particular firm. However, companies clearly want to retain their employees, both to recoup training investments and also to block them from aiding rivals. This study will examine how intra-regional mobility influences firm innovativeness, while also considering whether those employees might have done better to start their own firm. A region's overall welfare may also benefit from increased mobility. Inter-regional mobility also affects the innovativeness of regions. Concentration of innovation in a high tech region, if the best inventors migrate, will likely increase regional innovative inequality. Migration not only between regions but also between firms may affect inequality at the individual level as well. Workers may profit from loyalty to their employer in that they become uniquely valuable by developing firm-specific human capital, which would be lost if they left for another organization, but it may prove more financially attractive for workers to explore the labor market outside their current firm. The primary data for this study will be patent holders. The project will first curate a database of all inventor moves between firms and regions, based on U.S. patents from 1976-2019. Although such might seem straightforward, lack of unique identifiers as well as other subtleties of patent records render the determination of moves non-trivial. For example, inventors sometimes assign patents to multiple firms or file a series of patents at a set of alternating firms such that it appears the inventor is bouncing and forth between two employers. Next, the project will analyze trends in the regional migration of inventors and assess the impact on productivity and inequality of such moves. Given that moves are not random, outside factors influencing mobility such as changes in employment laws and natural disasters will be utilized. These resulting databases will also support dynamic visualization of inventor mobility across all U.S. counties and time periods. Mobility will also be illustrated with heat maps, illustrating net losses and gains of inventors across all U.S. counties of the same time period and technology category. Ultimately, policymakers will be able to visualize and inspect trends in regional innovation inequality and determine which technical fields are becoming regionally concentrated vs. dispersed. All data will be made available to the public.

硅谷对美国经济的创新和创业贡献越来越大。如果这种趋势继续下去，美国的地区创新不平等几乎肯定会加剧。美国的大部分地区？如果创新只集中在几个地区，潜在的科学劳动力可能无法开发，或者可能被忽视。该项目考察了工程师在区域内和区域间的流动对这一过程的贡献。在对硅谷崛起为创业和经济显赫地位的众多解释中，有一种是它的高速劳动力市场，在这个市场中，工人对自己的职业比对任何特定的公司都更忠诚。然而，企业显然希望留住员工，既是为了收回培训投资，也是为了阻止他们帮助竞争对手。这项研究将考察地区内的流动性如何影响公司的创新能力，同时也将考虑这些员工是否可以更好地创办自己的公司。一个地区的整体福利也可能受益于流动性的增加。区域间的流动也影响区域的创新能力。如果最好的发明者迁移，创新集中在高科技区域，可能会增加区域创新的不平等。区域之间的迁移，以及公司之间的迁移，也可能在个人层面上影响不平等。员工可能会从对雇主的忠诚中受益，因为他们通过开发特定于公司的人力资本而变得独特的价值，如果他们离开公司到另一个组织工作，这些人力资本就会失去，但事实可能会证明，对员工来说，在目前公司之外探索劳动力市场更具经济吸引力。这项研究的主要数据将是专利持有者。该项目将首先根据1976-2019年的美国专利，建立一个数据库，记录发明者在公司和地区之间的所有流动。尽管这看起来可能很简单，但缺乏唯一的识别符以及专利记录的其他微妙之处使得确定行动不是一件微不足道的事情。例如，发明家有时会将专利分配给多家公司，或者在一组交替的公司申请一系列专利，这样发明者就好像在两个雇主之间来回跳跃。接下来，该项目将分析发明者区域迁移的趋势，并评估此类迁移对生产率和不平等的影响。鉴于迁移不是随机的，将利用影响流动性的外部因素，如就业法律的变化和自然灾害。这些生成的数据库还将支持Inventor在美国所有县和时间段内流动的动态可视化。流动性还将用热图来说明，说明同一时间段和同一技术类别的美国所有县的发明者的净损失和净收益。最终，政策制定者将能够可视化和检查区域创新不平等的趋势，并确定哪些技术领域正在变得区域集中而不是分散。所有数据都将向公众开放。