Collaborative Research: Using Salinity Variance to Link Estuarine Mixing and Exchange Flow

盐度的变化是定义河口最重要的量之一。水平盐度变化为重力环流提供动力，垂直盐度变化量化分层，强烈影响并受切变、湍流和混合的影响。盐度变化平衡作为一种理解河口混合流和交换流相互作用的方法，具有很大的前景。该方程已在湍流界被有效地用于量化混合，但令人惊讶的是，尽管它具有基本的重要性，但在河口动力学的背景下却很少受到关注。本项目将使用现实和理想的数值模型，分析跨越广泛参数空间的各种河口的盐度变化平衡。从分析中获得的见解将提供对河口动力学的更系统的理解，使用通用框架来比较河口参数空间的速率和机制。这种分析方法也将适用于沿海和全球海洋的交换流和混合。该项目还将支持两所院校各一名研究生，并为他们的培训做出贡献。两位pi还计划为研究生开设一门为期5周的暑期课程，名为“河口动力学：观察和现实模型”。该课程将涉及12-15名对河口过程感兴趣的研究生。学生将获得实地实践经验，他们还将应用和分析现实模型，从而培养一种将观察和模型结合在一起的挑战和协同感。该项目将开发盐度变化的数学框架，以量化交换流和混合之间的整体关系，然后将这些关系应用于不同的河口环境。除了这些整体关系之外，分析还将通过应变检查水平和垂直变化之间的局部交换，并确定分层和混合的时空变化的后果。这里的“混合”定义为湍流和分子过程对盐度变化的不可逆损失。分析将解决这些基本问题：交换流是由混合控制的，还是相反？混合流和交换流如何响应不同河口形态的潮汐振幅变化？河口几何形状如何影响混合和交换流？河口和潮汐切变的应变在不同的制度下是如何变化的？应变如何调节水平和垂直变化之间的交换，从而增强或抑制混合？这些问题的答案将导致与河口几何形状和主要强迫参数相关的河口混合和交换流变异性的预测框架；河流流量和潮汐。

The variance of salinity is one of the most important quantities defining an estuary. Horizontal salinity variance provides the driving force for the gravitational circulation, and vertical variance quantifies stratification, which strongly affects and is affected by the shear, turbulence and mixing. The salinity variance balance has great promise as an approach to understanding the interaction of mixing and exchange flow in estuaries. This equation has been effectively exploited in the turbulence community to quantify mixing, but it has received surprisingly little attention in context with estuarine dynamics, in spite of its fundamental importance. This project will analyze the salinity variance balance in a variety of estuaries that span a broad swath of parameter space, using realistic and idealized numerical models. The insights gained from the analysis will provide a more systematic understanding of estuarine dynamics, using a common framework to compare rates and mechanisms across the estuarine parameter space. The analysis approach will also have application to exchange flows and mixing in the coastal and global ocean. This project will also support a graduate student at each of the two institutions and contribute to their training. The PIs also plan to teach a 5-week summer class for graduate students entitled "Estuarine Dynamics: Observations and Realistic Models." The class will involve 12-15 graduate students interested in estuarine processes. The students will gain hands-on field experience, and they will also apply and analyze realistic models, thereby developing a sense of the challenge and synergy that comes from bringing together observations and models.This project will develop the mathematical framework of the salinity variance to quantify the integral relationships between exchange flow and mixing, and then apply those relationships to diverse estuarine settings. In addition to these integral relationships, the analysis will examine the local exchange between horizontal and vertical variance via straining, and determine the consequences for temporal and spatial variations of stratification and mixing. Here "mixing" is defined as the irreversible loss of salinity variance by turbulent and molecular processes. The analysis will address these fundamental questions: Is exchange flow controlled by mixing, or vice versa? How do mixing and exchange flow respond to variations in tidal amplitude in different estuarine regimes? How does estuarine geometry affect mixing and exchange flow? How does straining by estuarine and tidal shear vary in different regimes, and how does straining modulate the exchange between horizontal and vertical variance and thereby enhance or suppress mixing? The answers to these questions will lead to a predictive framework for the variability of estuarine mixing and exchange flow in relation to the estuarine geometry and the dominant forcing parameters; river discharge and tides.