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Using Seafloor Compliance to image the Crust around Hawaii

使用海底顺应性对夏威夷周围的地壳进行成像

基本信息

批准号：
1736516
负责人：
Gabriele Laske
金额：
$ 26.08万
依托单位：
University of California-San Diego Scripps Inst of Oceanography
依托单位国家：
美国
项目类别：
Standard Grant
财政年份：
2017
资助国家：
美国
起止时间：
2017-09-01 至 2020-08-31
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1736516&HistoricalAwards=false
关键词：
Using Seafloor Compliance image Crust

项目摘要

Hawaii has long been the textbook example of a hotspot, where Earth's convecting mantle allows hot mantle rock to ascend through a relatively narrow and isolated mantle plume. This ascending material ultimately erupts at the surface in Hawaii's volcanoes. One of the most challenging questions concerns the geometry of a plume. In laboratory tanks that are heated from below, plumes are usually vertical and straight. But in a convecting spherical Earth, plumes should have more complex geometries. A key tool to trace plumes through Earth's mantle is seismic imaging. To image the Hawaiian plume, the PLUME seismic experiment (Plume-Lithosphere Undersea Melt Experiment) deployed 80 seismometers in a 1000 km array across the Hawaiian region from 2005 to 2007 to collect earthquake data. Initial seismic tomographic images trace the plume down to 1000 km depth and reveal a complex geometry. One of the most surprising results is that the mantle plume appears to approach the surface from the west and not from the southeast as is commonly assumed. To draw more definitive conclusions however, the initial mantle images must be improved by removing the distorting effects caused by complex features in Earth's crust, which were ignored in the initial processing. This project will examine a new type of data called seafloor compliance, which is the deformation of the seafloor due to pressure variations from long period ocean waves that pass by the stations. This deformation or compliance strongly depends on the specific type of crustal rock beneath the station. By analyzing seafloor compliance, the project will catalog new and crucial details of Hawaii's crustal structure and refine the plume imaging. In terms of broader impacts, this project will support a graduate student and will make research results accessible to the wider community through teaching and public lectures. Dedicated small projects will be used as recruiting tool for undergraduate students to raise awareness in the Earth sciences and related fields.Hawaii's location far from any plate boundary provides an opportunity to test basic hypotheses regarding plume/plate interaction and related magmatism. Initial seismic tomography conducted for the Plume-Lithosphere Undersea Melt Experiment (PLUME) has revealed the first high-resolution 3-D images that support the presence of a deep-rooted mantle plume, but the complexity of findings motivate a revision of the classic plume concept. Some aspects of seismic imaging remain controversial, specifically the continuity of the plume within the mantle, its interaction with the mantle transition zone and the exact magma pathways in the very shallow mantle and crust. A potential problem with published models is that mantle images were produced assuming a relatively simple crustal architecture. Even rather modest changes in crustal structure can profoundly impact the imaging of regions beneath, and may even cascade downward into the lower mantle. Artifacts in the mantle images may lead to false conclusions about geodynamical, geochemical and geological processes that ultimately cause Hawaii's volcanism. This project focuses on combining shallow-focus seismic datasets to illuminate Hawaii's crust and shallowest mantle. The primary dataset is seafloor compliance, the transfer function between pressure exerted by passing infragravity waves and the resulting seafloor deformation. Seafloor compliance is particularly sensitive to shear velocity in the ocean sediments. These new data will be combined with other crust-sensitive datasets such as high-frequency Rayleigh wave dispersion maps, crustal receiver functions and ambient-noise Empirical Green's Functions. The resulting new crustal model will allow revision of mantle models and plume geometry with much more fidelity than is currently available.

长期以来，夏威夷一直是热点的教科书例子，在那里，地球对流的地幔允许炽热的地幔岩石通过相对狭窄和孤立的地幔热柱上升。这些上升的物质最终在夏威夷火山的表面喷发。最具挑战性的问题之一是羽流的几何形状。在从下面加热的实验室储罐中，羽流通常是垂直和笔直的。但在对流的球形地球中，羽流应该有更复杂的几何形状。追踪穿过地幔的羽状物的一个关键工具是地震成像。为了给夏威夷羽流成像，2005年至2007年，羽流地震实验(羽流-岩石圈海底熔融实验)在夏威夷地区1000公里的阵列上部署了80台地震仪，以收集地震数据。最初的地震层析图像追踪到1000公里深的烟柱，揭示了一个复杂的几何结构。最令人惊讶的结果之一是，地幔热柱似乎是从西方接近地表，而不是像人们通常认为的那样从东南靠近。然而，为了得出更明确的结论，必须通过消除地壳复杂特征造成的扭曲效应来改进初始地幔图像，这些扭曲效应在初始处理中被忽略。该项目将研究一种名为海底顺应性的新型数据，这是由于经过空间站的长周期海浪的压力变化而造成的海底变形。这种变形或顺应性在很大程度上取决于空间站下方特定类型的地壳岩石。通过分析海底的顺应性，该项目将对夏威夷地壳结构的新的关键细节进行分类，并改进羽流成像。在更广泛的影响方面，该项目将支持一名研究生，并将通过教学和公开讲座向更广泛的社区提供研究成果。专门的小项目将被用作本科生的招生工具，以提高对地球科学和相关领域的认识。夏威夷远离任何板块边界的位置提供了一个机会来检验关于羽流/板块相互作用和相关岩浆活动的基本假设。为羽流-岩石圈海底熔融实验(羽流)进行的初步地震层析成像揭示了第一批支持存在深植根地幔热柱的高分辨率3-D图像，但由于发现的复杂性，促使对经典的羽流概念进行修订。地震成像的一些方面仍然存在争议，特别是地幔内热柱的连续性，它与地幔过渡带的相互作用，以及极浅地幔和地壳中确切的岩浆路径。已发表的模型的一个潜在问题是，地幔图像是在假设相对简单的地壳结构的情况下产生的。即使是相当轻微的地壳结构变化也会对下方区域的成像产生深远影响，甚至可能向下延伸到下地幔。地幔图像中的人工制品可能会导致关于地球动力学、地球化学和地质过程的错误结论，而这些过程最终会导致夏威夷的火山活动。这个项目的重点是结合浅源地震数据来照亮夏威夷的地壳和最浅的地幔。主要数据集是海底柔度，即通过次重力波施加的压力与由此产生的海底变形之间的传递函数。海底顺应性对海洋沉积物中的剪切速度特别敏感。这些新数据将与其他对地壳敏感的数据集结合起来，例如高频瑞雷波频散图、地壳接收函数和环境噪声经验格林函数。由此产生的新的地壳模型将允许以比目前可用的更高的保真度对地幔模型和羽流几何进行修订。