Text Recycling in Scientific Research Writing

在科学写作中，文字循环经常被称为“自我抄袭”。在过去的十年里，越来越多的科学期刊开始使用抄袭检测软件来筛选提交的手稿。因此，大量的文本回收案例被发现，但对于什么构成道德上可接受的做法没有达成共识。在科学传播中，文本循环是一个日益重要和有争议的伦理问题。然而，关于文本回收的实际研究很少，在研究人员的伦理培训或科学写作教科书或网站中很少涉及文本回收。为了促进文本回收的道德和适当使用，本项目将分两个阶段进行：在第一阶段，研究人员将调查与专业研究人员、学生和出版商相关的文本回收的道德、实践和法律方面。在第二阶段，研究人员将制作教育材料，并为文本回收指南和作者-出版商合同开发模型语言，这些可以被教育机构、研究组织和出版商采用。本项目是一个多机构、多学科的文本回收调查，材料的再利用从一个？S以前的工作在一个新的手稿。在第一阶段，研究人员将调查以下问题：专家研究人员、学生和其他参与科学传播的人认为什么是适当的实践，为什么？专家之间在哪些方面有明确的共识，哪些方面存在实质性分歧？专业科学家实际上多久回收一次材料，以什么方式回收？在什么情况下文本回收违反出版商合同或版权法？这项研究的一个方面将涉及采访和调查有经验的STEM教师、学生、期刊编辑和其他关于文本回收伦理的人。第二个方面将分析已发表的科学论文的语料库，以调查研究人员如何在实践中回收文本以及这种情况如何随着时间的推移而变化。第三个方面涉及分析出版商合同，以更好地了解出版商和作者在文本回收方面的权利，并评估其法律效力。在第二阶段，研究人员将使用第一阶段的研究结果来开发、测试和传播两种材料：第一种是针对STEM学生（以及其他STEM研究新手）的基于网络和印刷的教学材料，解释涉及文本回收的伦理、法律和实际问题，以及为教师、管理人员和图书馆员提供的随附文件。第二部分是文本回收的模型政策和指导方针，以解决学术和专业设置中的适当实践。调查人员将从潜在用户那里获得对这些材料草稿的反馈意见，并对其进行相应的修订，之后将予以散发。

Often called "self-plagiarism," text recycling occurs frequently in scientific writing. Over the past decade, increasing numbers of scientific journals have begun using plagiarism detection software to screen submitted manuscripts. As a result, large numbers of cases of text recycling are being identified, yet there is no consensus on what constitutes ethically acceptable practice. Text recycling is thus an increasingly important and controversial ethical issue in scientific communication. However, little actual research has been conducted on text recycling and it is rarely addressed in the ethical training of researchers or in scientific writing textbooks or websites. To promote the ethical and appropriate use of text recycling, this project will be conducted in two phases: In Phase 1, the researchers will investigate the ethical, practical, and legal aspects of text recycling as relevant for professional researchers, students, and publishers. In Phase 2, the investigators will produce educational materials and develop model language for text recycling guidelines and author-publisher contracts that can be adapted by educational institutions, research organizations, and publishers.This project is a multi-institutional, multidisciplinary investigation of text recycling, the reuse of material from one?s previous work in a new manuscript. In Phase 1, the researchers will investigate questions such as these: What do expert researchers, students, and others involved in scientific communication believe to be appropriate practice, and why? Where is there a clear consensus among experts and where is there substantive disagreement? How often do professional scientists actually recycle material, and in what ways? Under what circumstances does text recycling violate publisher contracts or copyright laws? One facet of this research will involve interviewing and surveying experienced STEM faculty, students, journal editors, and others regarding the ethics of text recycling. A second facet will analyze a corpus of published scientific papers to investigate how researchers recycle text in practice and how this has changed over time. The third facet involves analyzing publisher contracts to better understand the rights of publishers and authors regarding text recycling and to assess their legal validity. In Phase 2, the investigators will use findings from Phase 1 to develop, test, and disseminate two kinds of materials: The first are web and print based instructional materials for STEM students (and others new to STEM research) explaining the ethical, legal, and practical issues involved with text recycling, as well as accompanying documents for faculty, administrators, and librarians. The second are model policies and guidelines for text recycling that address appropriate practice in both academic and professional settings. The investigators will obtain feedback on drafts of these materials from potential users and revise them accordingly, after which they will be disseminated.