SBP: The Price of Parenting in STEM: Explaining Career Paths and Pay Consequences of Parenthood among Science and Engineering Professionals

该提案是为了响应EHR核心研究（ECR）计划公告NSF 15-509而提交的。作为ECR的一部分，该项目由科学和工程性别研究（GSE）计划资助。GSE旨在通过教育和实施研究来了解和解决科学，技术，工程和数学（STEM）教育和劳动力参与方面的性别差异，这将导致更大，更多样化的国内STEM劳动力。在过去的二十年里，社会科学研究发现，女孩和妇女在STEM教育中遇到障碍，然后在进入STEM职业并取得进步时面临更多障碍。然而，母亲和父亲对STEM专业人员职业生涯的影响尚未得到很好的研究。这项研究将探讨养育子女-特别是母亲-是否会在保留，晋升和工资方面对STEM就业造成惩罚。使用社会学理论的角度，社会结构的生活课程通过性别机构移动，该研究将探讨如何为人父母的形状的职业轨迹，保留，并在干领域的妇女和男子的工资。拟议的实证研究项目将使用具有代表性的纵向数据来分析STEM专业人员中的这些父母效应。研究人员还将调查这些亲子关系的影响如何因种族/民族，教育水平，部门和STEM领域而异。研究结果将为理论提供信息，说明在所有职业阶段保留的性别差异，并努力制定干预措施，提高妇女在STEM领域的长期坚持和成功。国家科学与工程中心（NCSES）科学与工程统计数据系统（SESTAT）中STEM专业人员的限制使用数据研究父母身份对职业道路和薪酬的影响。样本（N= 17，599）包括2003年全职雇用的STEM专业人员，并跟踪到2010年。通过一系列双变量和多变量统计分析，研究人员将解决以下研究问题：谁在成为父母后离开全职STEM工作？他们去哪了？这些亲子效应如何因性别、种族/民族、教育水平、部门和STEM领域而异？如果受访者是因为家庭原因而改变职业的，那么与其他原因相比，改变职业的收入损失成本是否更高？在全职STEM职业的工人中，性别、父母身份、教育水平和种族/民族如何影响工资？由于绝大多数工人在职业生涯的某个时候成为父母，了解父母身份对STEM从业者职业生涯的性别影响对于了解这些领域有才华的女性和男性的保留至关重要。研究人员还将寻找种族/民族，教育水平，部门和STEM领域的系统性差异。

This proposal was submitted in response to EHR Core Research (ECR) program announcement NSF 15-509. As part of ECR, this project is funded by the Research on Gender in Science and Engineering (GSE) program. GSE seeks to understand and address gender-based differences in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) education and workforce participation through education and implementation research that will lead to a larger and more diverse domestic STEM workforce. Over the past two decades, social science research has found that girls and women encounter barriers in STEM education and then face additional obstacles entering and advancing in STEM careers. Yet, the effects of motherhood and fatherhood on the careers of STEM professionals are not well studied. This research will explore whether parenting--especially motherhood--incurs penalties in STEM employment in terms of retention, advancement, and salary. Using a sociological theoretical perspective that socially structured life courses move through gendered institutions, the study will examine how parenthood shapes career trajectories, retention, and salaries for women and men in STEM fields. The proposed empirical research project will use representative, longitudinal data to analyze these parenthood effects among STEM professionals. The researchers will also investigate how these parenthood effects differ by race/ethnicity, education level, sector, and STEM field. The findings will inform theory about gender differences in retention across all career stages and efforts to develop interventions that improve women's long-term persistence and success in STEM.This project will use nationally representative, longitudinal, restricted-use data of STEM professionals from the Nation Center for Science and Engineering's (NCSES) Science and Engineering Statistical Data System (SESTAT) to examine the effects of parenthood on career paths and pay. The sample (N=17,599) includes STEM professionals employed full-time in 2003 and followed through 2010. Through a series of bi- and multivariate statistical analyses, the researchers will address the following research questions: Who leaves full-time STEM employment after becoming a parent? Where do they go? How do these parenthood effects vary by gender, race/ethnicity, education level, sector, and STEM field? Is the cost in lost income of making a career change higher if respondents made the change for family reasons compared to other reasons? Among workers who remain in full-time STEM careers, how do gender, parenthood, education level, and race/ethnicity affect salary? Since a large majority of workers become parents at some point during their careers, understanding the gendered effects of parenthood on the careers of STEM practitioners is central to understanding the retention of talented women and men in these fields. The researchers will also look for systematic variation by race/ethnicity, education level, sector and STEM field.