Doctoral Dissertation Research: The Effects of Race and Gender on Evaluations of Black Women

博士论文研究：种族和性别对黑人女性评价的影响

• 批准号: 1746121
• 负责人: Antoine Banks
• 金额: $ 2.28万
• 依托单位: University of Maryland, College Park
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2018
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2018-08-15 至 2019-07-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1746121&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Doctoral; Dissertation; Research; Effects; Race

This study investigates how stereotypes about race and gender affect support for black women political candidates. The vast majority of political science research on race and gender examines these two identities separately. Consequently, little is known about how race and gender stereotypes interact when a minority female candidate runs for office. This project examines how black women candidates face distinct stereotypes based on the intersection of their race and gender, which make it more difficult for them to win votes in political campaigns. This study advances our knowledge of the ways stereotypes affect black women differently than other underrepresented groups, such as white women and black men. This research also has the potential to help black women candidates understand the types of campaign messages that exacerbate negative stereotypes the public holds about black women and which strategies could help mitigate the influence of these stereotypes. As a result, black women candidates may be better able to counteract negative stereotypes through their campaigns and increase their representation in elected office. Scholars of intersectionality theory emphasize that race and gender are mutually constructed identities, such that their combined influence is not necessarily equal to sum of its parts. Yet, most research in political science still examines race and gender in isolation from one another. This project investigates how stereotypes based on the intersection of race and gender affect support for black women candidates. Research in social psychology demonstrates that whites stereotype black women as being tough, assertive, and domineering. It is unclear, however, how these agentic stereotypes impact support for black women political candidates. In addition, there is little empirical research on whether African Americans also stereotype women of their own racial group in this manner. This project examines a theory of intersectional stereotyping, which argues that black women candidates are negatively impacted by unique stereotypes based on the intersection of race and gender. Specifically, we argue that stereotypes associating black women with agentic traits lead black women candidates to be evaluated more negatively among voters outside of their own race and gender group. In other words, we expect that the agentic stereotype not only reduces support for black women candidates among white voters, but also reduces support among black men. This theory will be tested using a national survey experiment, with an over-sample of African Americans. This research demonstrates the importance of using an intersectional framework to study the political campaigns of candidates from underrepresented groups.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.

这项研究调查了关于种族和性别的刻板印象如何影响对黑人妇女政治候选人的支持。 关于种族和性别的绝大多数政治科学研究分别研究了这两个身份。 因此，当少数族裔候选人竞选公职时，种族和性别刻板印象如何相互作用。该项目研究了黑人妇女候选人如何根据其种族和性别的交汇处面临不同的刻板印象，这使她们更加困难地在政治运动中赢得选票。 这项研究促进了我们对刻板印象对黑人妇女的影响与其他代表性不足的群体（例如白人妇女和黑人男性）不同的了解。这项研究还有可能帮助黑人妇女候选人了解公众对黑人妇女的负面刻板印象加剧的竞选信息类型，哪些策略可以帮助减轻这些刻板印象的影响。 结果，黑人妇女候选人可能会更好地通过竞选活动来抵消负面刻板印象，并增加其在当选办公室的代表。 相交理论的学者强调，种族和性别是相互构建的身份，因此它们的综合影响不一定等于其部分的总和。 然而，大多数政治科学研究仍然彼此孤立地检查种族和性别。 该项目调查了基于种族和性别交集的刻板印象如何影响对黑人女性候选人的支持。 社会心理学的研究表明，白人刻板印象是黑人妇女坚强，自信和霸气。 但是，尚不清楚这些代理刻板印象如何影响对黑人妇女政治候选人的支持。此外，关于非洲裔美国人是否也以这种方式刻板印象的女性，几乎没有实证研究。 该项目研究了相互刻板印象的理论，该理论认为，基于种族与性别的交汇处，黑人妇女候选人受到独特的刻板印象的负面影响。 具体而言，我们认为，将黑人妇女与特质相关的刻板印象导致黑人妇女候选人在自己的种族和性别群体之外的选民中进行更负面的评估。 换句话说，我们预计，代理刻板印象不仅减少了白人选民对黑人女性候选人的支持，而且还减少了黑人男性的支持。 该理论将使用国家调查实验进行测试，非洲裔​​美国人的过度样本。 这项研究表明，使用交叉框架来研究来自代表性不足的小组的候选人的政治运动的重要性。该奖项反映了NSF的法定任务，并被认为是值得通过基金会的知识分子优点和更广泛影响的评估来审查标准的评估值得支持的。