CAREER: Genomic, transcriptomic, and developmental drivers of thermal adaptation among natural populations of Drosophila

极端温度可以杀死种群中的热敏感个体并导致热耐受性的进化，因为只有耐热个体才能在这些条件下生存和繁殖。年轻人可能特别容易受到热应激的影响，但在生命早期经历的热应激如何影响生命后期阶段，以及这种发育限制如何影响热适应方面的知识存在差距。该项目将揭示基因和细胞过程，这些基因和细胞过程的进化使果蝇的自然种群能够在地球仪的各种热环境中生存和繁荣。这项研究很重要，因为它将描述生物在其生命周期内如何应对环境变化，以及种群如何在更长的进化时间尺度上应对环境选择。该项目的成果将推动生态和进化生理学领域的发展。该项目将通过培训来自不同社会经济背景的下一代科学家，并通过制作关于环境变化引起的生理变化的教育录像片向公众传播科学，产生广泛的社会影响。本项目的目的是揭示果蝇自然种群在不同生命阶段耐热性的进化机制。在胚胎外部发育的卵生动物中，胚胎容易受到温度变化的影响，因为它们直接暴露在外部环境中，耐热性低，并且无法在行为上避免极端条件。因此，热选择很可能针对胚胎生命阶段。因此，D.黑腹果蝇比温带种群的胚胎更耐热，而地球仪上的种群的成体耐热性是相同的。然而，目前还不知道热带胚胎在生理上如何科普极端高温。为了填补这一知识空白，该项目将整合基因组图谱、转录组学、蛋白质生物化学和共聚焦荧光显微镜，以确定温带和热带种群胚胎耐热性差异的遗传和生理基础。该职业奖将整合研究和教育目标，以（1）开发本科生在科学推理方面表现的评估工具，（2）培养博士后助理作为教师学者，以及（3）创建一个关于环境变化生理学的在线科学教育视频。该奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并通过使用基金会知识分子的评估被认为值得支持优点和更广泛的影响审查标准。

Extreme temperature can kill thermally sensitive individuals in a population and lead to the evolution of thermal tolerance, because only thermally tolerant individuals survive and reproduce under these conditions. Young individuals may be particularly vulnerable to thermal stress, but there is a gap in knowledge about how effects of thermal stress experienced early in life impact later life stages, and how such developmental constraints affect thermal adaptation. This project will uncover the genes and cellular processes that have evolved to enable natural populations of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster to survive and thrive across a wide range of thermal environments across the globe. This research is important because it will characterize how organisms respond to environmental change during their lifetimes and how populations respond to environmental selection over longer evolutionary time scales. The results from this project will advance the fields of ecological and evolutionary physiology. This project will have broad societal impacts through the training of the next generation of scientists from diverse socioeconomic backgrounds and through dissemination of science to the public by producing an educational video about physiological change in relation to environmental change. The objective of this project is to reveal evolved mechanisms of thermal tolerance across life stages among natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster. In oviparous animals with external embryonic development, embryos are vulnerable to changes in temperature because they are directly exposed to the external environment, have low thermal tolerance, and cannot behaviorally avoid extreme conditions. Thus, thermal selection is likely to target the embryonic life stage. Accordingly, embryos of tropical populations of D. melanogaster are more heat tolerant than embryos of temperate populations, whereas adult heat tolerance is the same across populations around the globe. Yet, it is not known how tropical embryos physiologically cope with extreme heat. To fill this gap in knowledge, the project will integrate genomic mapping, transcriptomics, protein biochemistry, and confocal fluorescence microscopy to identify the genetic and physiological bases of divergence in embryonic thermal tolerance among temperate and tropical populations. This CAREER award will integrate research and educational goals to (1) develop assessment tools of undergraduate student performance in scientific reasoning, (2) train a postdoctoral associate as a teacher-scholar, and (3) create an online science educational video on the physiology of environmental change.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.