NeTS: Small: Collaborative Research: Fog Networking: Architecture, Algorithms and Applications

在过去的15年里，随着互联网骨干流量的快速增长和更复杂的蜂窝核心网络的发展，云计算沿着兴起。其中的一些责任：（1）数据中心，（2）骨干IP网络和（3）蜂窝核心网络，现在正在下降到终端用户之间或附近，即，到网络的边缘。雾网络是一种架构，它使用一个或多个最终用户客户端或近用户边缘设备来执行大量的存储，通信和管理。反映这种架构的工程产品和应用包括5G、家庭/个人网络和物联网（IoT）。 因此，提出这样一个问题变得既可行又有趣：“在网络边缘可以做什么？它能否进行大量的存储（而不是主要在大型数据中心存储数据）、通信（而不是始终通过骨干网路由流量）以及网络测量和控制（而不是主要在LTE核心网中的网关进行控制）？雾网络的潜在好处包括实时处理、以客户为中心的目标、本地资源池化、快速创新和可负担的扩展，以及在加密和多路径流量上运行的可行性。雾网络中不乏挑战，包括本项目中要解决的以下问题：穿越集中式和分布式系统架构之间的边界，引导集体客户端操作引起的全局行为，激励客户端参与，以及使用冗余来实现网络边缘的弹性。在雾网络的大量和多样化的主题中，该项目侧重于两个主题：（1）客户端驱动的测量和推理，包括网络拥塞状况的实时推理。客户端可以将来自多个源的联合收割机本地测量结果结合起来，以真实的时间推断拥塞情况，并使用这些洞察力，例如，在不拥塞的时间最佳地预加载内容。通过将客户端SDK从应用程序开发工具转变为网络控制元素来实现实现。(2)基于客户端的控制和配置，包括控制网络连接和安全存储。在快速的时间尺度上，客户端/边缘设备可以通过在异构网络之间切换来主动优化其网络连接，而在较长的时间尺度上，它们可以通过选择性地限制其数据速率来缓解网络拥塞。除了网络连接之外，基于客户端的软件还可以通过将数据打乱、分解和分散到不同的存储空间来增强存储安全性和可靠性。更广泛的影响：在该项目的行业合作、课程开发、指导和推广中，有以下亮点。(1)迷雾财团。雾网络有可能打破整个IT生态系统的力量平衡。PI帮助创建了一个雾工业-学术联盟，该联盟将促进雾网络的想法，并举办面向学术界和工业界的外联活动和实习匹配。(2)MOOC。PI将提供一个新的课程“雾网络和物联网”，包括在线和面对面的课程。(3)社区外展。PI将维护一个研究网站，包括一个关于雾网络的论文数据库，目前托管在fogresearch.org上。

The past 15 years have seen the rise of the cloud, along with a rapid increase in Internet backbone traffic and more sophisticated cellular core networks. Some of the responsibilities of these: (1) data centers, (2) backbone IP networks, and (3) cellular core networks, are now descending to be among, or near, the end users, i.e., to the edge of networks. Fog networking is an architecture that uses one or a collaborative multitude of end-user clients or near-user edge devices to carry out a substantial amount of storage, communication and management. Engineering artifacts and applications that reflect such an architecture include 5G, home/personal networking, and the Internet of Things (IoT). It has thus become both feasible and interesting to ask the question: "What can be done on the network edge?" Can it carry out a substantial amount of storage (rather than storing data primarily in large-scale data centers), communication (rather than routing traffic always through the backbone network), and network measurement and control (rather than controlling primarily at gateways like those in the LTE Core)? Potential benefits of fog networking include real-time processing, client-centric objectives, pooling of local resources, rapid innovation with affordable scaling, and feasibility to operate on encrypted and multipath traffic. There is no shortage of challenges in fog networking, including the following to be tackled in this project: traversing the boundary between centralized and distributed system architectures, steering the global behavior caused by collective client actions, incentivizing client participation, and using redundancy to achieve resilience on the network edge. Among a large and diverse set of topics in fog networking, this project focuses on two themes: (1) Client-driven measurement and inference, including real-time inference of network congestion conditions. Clients can combine local measurements from multiple sources to infer congestion in real time and use these insights to, for instance, optimally preload content at uncongested times. Implementation is achieved by turning client-side SDKs from an app development tool to a network control element. (2) Client-based control and configuration, including control of network connectivity and secure storage. On a fast timescale, client/edge devices can actively optimize their network connectivity by switching between heterogeneous networks, while on a longer timescale, they can relieve network congestion by selectively throttling their data rates. Beyond network connectivity, client-based software can also enhance storage security and reliability by scrambling, shredding and spreading data to different storage spaces.Broader Impacts: Among this project's industry collaboration, curriculum development, mentoring and outreach are the following highlights. (1) Fog Consortium. Fog networking has the potential to tip the balance of power in the overall IT ecosystem. The PIs help create a Fog Industry-Academia Consortium, which will promote the ideas of fog networking and host outreach events and internship matching open to academia and industry. (2) MOOC. The PIs will offer a new course on "Fog Networking and the Internet of Things," both online and in in-person classes. (3) Community outreach. The PIs will maintain a research website, including a database of papers on fog networking, that is currently hosted at fogresearch.org.