Conformer-specific Spectroscopy and Isomerization Dynamics of Peptide and Synthetic Foldamer Helices

大多数与生物相关的分子(例如蛋白质和DNA)都足够大，它们可以呈现多种分子形状，这是由内部(“分子内”)相互作用和与周围溶剂或其他邻近分子相互作用的微妙平衡决定的。自然产生的多肽和蛋白质的一种常见折叠模式(称为“折叠分子”)是α-螺旋，通过蛋白质的氨基酸组成之间的氢键(“H-键”)连接在一起。然而，合成化学家正在设计新的氨基酸构建块，这些构建块更喜欢其他氢键排列(称为合成折叠分子)，包括具有广泛不同氢键模式的螺旋。在这个由化学系化学结构动力学和机制(CSDM-A)计划资助的项目中，普渡大学的Timothy Zwier教授正在使用一系列基于激光的光谱方法来以新的方式探测这些螺旋及其相互转化。他们通过激光解吸或电喷雾电离将这些分子带入气相，并将它们冷却到绝对零度以下的温度，从而使这些分子脱离自然环境。在这样做的过程中，他们在没有溶剂效应和不受样品中可能存在的其他构象干扰的情况下，探索每种分子构象的独特性质。然后，激光光谱分析工具探测每个螺旋中的氢键网络，并揭示为什么某些折叠键比另一些更受欢迎，以及从一种折叠键转变为另一种折叠键需要多少能量。这项研究项目通过对试图预测分子形状和运动的理论模型进行精辟的实验测试，影响了整个社会。参与该项目的研究生和本科生正在接受高科技行业、学术界和政府实验室的职业培训。Zwier研究小组继续与以本科生为主的机构(PUI，即教授)合作。UW-Eau Claire的Stephen Drucker和费尔菲尔德大学的Matt Kubasik)，从而加强了对更广泛的本科生的培训，并为研究生提供了独特的职业准备机会。Zwier团队正在使用一系列基于激光的光谱方法来获得红外(IR)和紫外(UV)光谱区的气相肽的单一构象光谱。激光解吸和电喷雾电离用于将分子或离子带入气相。样品的温度通过超音速膨胀或冷冻冷却而降低到10K以下。然后使用紫外光碎裂和紫外-红外双共振技术来询问气相物种。特别令人感兴趣的是天然和合成的折叠螺旋的固有构象偏好以及独特的振动和电子吸收。其中一些分子结合了一种分子“系绳”，将螺旋“锁定”在适当的位置。另一方面，合成到分子骨架中的构象约束可能会导致分子以特定的方式折叠。获得的实验光谱为螺旋相互转化的机制和能量需求提供了新的见解，并为最先进的计算(从头计算、密度泛函理论和在没有溶剂的情况下对分子进行的半经验力场计算)的准确性提供了基准测试。除了理论模型的基准和对学生的培训外，这项研究的结果还促进了我们对合成叶酰胺的理解，它可能会在新材料和疾病的治疗中应用。这一奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的智力优势和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

Most biologically relevant molecules (for example, proteins and DNA) are large enough that they can take on many molecular shapes, dictated by a delicate balance of internal ("intramolecular") interactions and interactions with the surrounding solvent or other neighboring molecules. One of the common folding patterns (called "foldamers") of naturally occurring peptides and proteins are alpha-helices, held together by hydrogen bonds ("H-bonds") between the amino acid constituents of the protein. However, synthetic chemists are designing new amino acid building blocks that prefer other hydrogen bonding arrangements (called "synthetic foldamers"), including helices with a wide array of different hydrogen bonding patterns. In this project funded by the Chemical Structure Dynamics and Mechanism (CSDM-A) program of the Chemistry Division, Professor Timothy Zwier of Purdue University is using an array of laser-based spectroscopy methods to probe these helices and their interconversions in new ways. They take these molecules out of their natural environment by bringing them into the gas phase via laser desorption or electrospray ionization, and cool them to temperatures within a few degrees of absolute zero. In so doing, they probe the unique properties of each molecular conformation in the absence of solvent effects and without interference from the other conformations that may be present in the sample. Laser spectroscopic tools then probe the network of H-bonds in each helix, and reveal why some foldamers are preferred over others, and how much energy is needed to change from one foldamer form to another. This research project impacts society at large by providing incisive experimental tests of theoretical models that attempt to predict the shape and motions of molecules. Graduate and undergraduate students involved in the project are being trained for careers in high-technology industry, academia, and government laboratories. The Zwier research group continues to collaborate with predominantly undergraduate institutions (PUI, namely Profs. Stephen Drucker of UW-Eau Claire and Matt Kubasik at Fairfield University), thus enhancing the training of a broader range of undergraduate students, and provide unique career preparation opportunities for graduate students.The Zwier group is employing an array of laser-based spectroscopic methods for obtaining single-conformation spectra of gas-phase peptides in the infrared (IR) and ultraviolet (UV) spectral regions. Laser desorption and electrospray ionization are used to bring molecules or ions into the gas phase. Samples temperatures are brought below 10K via supersonic expansion or cryo-cooling. The gas-phase species are then interrogated using UV photo-fragmentation and UV-IR double-resonance techniques. Of particular interest are the inherent conformational preferences and unique vibrational and electronic absorptions of of natural and synthetic foldamer helices. Some of these molecules incorporate a molecular "tether" that "locks" the helix in place. On the other hand, conformational constraints synthesized into the molecular backbone may cause the molecule to fold in a specific way. The experimental spectra obtained are lending new insights into the mechanism and energy requirements for helix interconversion, and provide benchmark tests of the accuracy of state-of-the-art calculations (ab initio, density functional theory and semi-empirical force field calculations done on molecules in the absence of solvent). In addition to the benchmarking of theoretical models and the training of students, the findings of this research are advancing our understanding of synthetic foldamers, which may have applications in new materials and the treatment of disease.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.