(De-)Europeanization and History: Concepts, Conflicts, Cohesion since 1890

欧洲化是一个复杂的、动态的、最终鲜为人知的过程。尤其是在历史研究中，还缺乏一个彻底的概念性处理。这一拟议的科学网络建立在现有的英德机构合作的基础上，旨在发展和阐述(去)欧洲化的历史概念，作为反映欧洲化作为一种历史现象的复杂性、矛盾性和摩擦的启发式和分析工具。我们的方法围绕四个轴心：国有化/现代化、美国化/西方化、全球化/非殖民化和欧洲一体化。我们不打算取代这些相互竞争的参照系，而是要补充和完善这些参照系，以便为塑造“漫长的二十世纪”欧洲历史的进程提供一个更好的分析框架。通过关注转移和交换、模仿和划界的发展，(去)欧洲化的概念超越了国家历史和比较历史。它建立在现有的欧洲化概念的基础上，将提高历史学家分析现代欧洲的连续性和变化性、趋同和划界的能力。我们的(去)欧洲化概念的特点在于以下优势：·它把重点放在过程上，而不是结果上；·它允许(欧洲的概念)不断变化的边界；·它侧重于社会实践与社会和政治认同的相互关系；·它平衡了历史发展的多样性和碎片化、矛盾和不连续性与趋同和一体化的动力；·它使(去)欧洲化进程的强度在地区和时间上发生了明显的变化；·它将现有的欧洲化概念从看似不可避免的目的论暗流中解放出来。该网络的研究将同时覆盖非洲大陆的大部分地区，它将故意超越政治、社会、经济或文化史之间的界限，并将鼓励跨学科合作。因此，我们希望在人文领域培养一种新的合作文化，并将各种民族方法论传统和经验方法结合起来，以克服在历史研究领域仍然盛行的“方法论民族主义”。

Europeanization is a complex, dynamic, and ultimately little understood process. In historical studies especially, a thorough conceptual treatment is still lacking. Building on an existing Anglo-German institutional co-operation this proposed scientific network aims at developing and elaborating a historical concept of (de-)Europeanization as a heuristic and analytical tool reflecting the complexities, contradictions and frictions of Europeanization as a historical phenomenon. Our approach is centred along four axes: Nationalization / Modernization, Americanization / Westernization, Globalization / Decolonization and European Integration. We do not intend to replace, but to supplement and complete these competing frames of reference in order to provide a better analytical framework for processes which shaped European history during the "long twentieth century". By focusing on developments of transfer and exchange, emulation and delimitation, the concept of (de-)Europeanization moves beyond national and comparative history. Building on existing notions of Europeanization, it will advance historians' ability to analyse continuity and change, convergence and delimitation in modern Europe. Our concept of (de-)Europeanization is distinguished by the following advantages: • it puts the emphasis on processes, not on results; • it allows for the shifting boundaries of (the notion of) Europe; • it focuses on the interrelation of social practices with social and political identities; • it balances the variety and fragmentation, the contradictions and discontinuities of historical developments with the dynamic of convergence and integration; • it makes visible regional and chronological variations of the intensity of (de-)Europeanizing processes; • it frees existing concepts of Europeanization from seemingly inescapable teleological undercurrents. The network's research will cover most of the continent At the same time, it will deliberately transgress the borders between political, social, economic or cultural history and will encourage interdisciplinary co-operation. Thus, we hope to foster a new culture of co-operation in the humanities and to combine various national methodological traditions and empirical approaches to overcome the "methodological nationalism" still prevalent in the realm of historical research.