A next generation instrumented buoy for Lake Annie, Archbold Biological Station

阿奇博尔德生物站（Archbold www.archbold-station.org）是佛罗里达州的一个生物野外站，致力于长期的生态研究和教育。阿奇博尔德拥有并管理着一个全球重要的灌木保护区，包括美丽的90英亩，安妮湖。对安妮湖的研究在全球范围内得到认可，因为它提供了对美国南部湖泊历史的深入了解（4万年的沉积物记录），长期（30年）的生态和化学采样，以及一个系泊浮标（自2008年以来），该浮标带有测量湖表面化学和物理条件的传感器。与Archbold的旧浮标相比，NSF将支持部署新的“下一代剖面浮标”，该浮标配备了更多的传感器（气候、氧气、pH值、藻类和叶绿素、温度、水色、光、热、太阳辐射和二氧化碳）。大多数新传感器将“剖面”，或不断上下移动，从湖面到67英尺的湖底收集数据。对于像安妮湖这样的深湖，从上到下的连续数据对于测量整个湖泊的“新陈代谢”等特征至关重要，或者有多少能量（生长）发生（如植物或藻类生产）与能量损失（如通过呼吸作用）。湖泊科学家，特别是那些参与全球湖泊生态观测网（GLEON）的湖泊科学家，计划将安妮湖的数据与世界上其他湖泊的数据结合起来，使他们能够回答诸如不同大小、纬度和周围土地利用的湖泊如何对变化的条件做出不同反应等问题。新的安妮湖浮标将为来访的科学家和大学班级提供研究和教育机会，为研究生和实习生提供培训，在线数据和远程数据访问，以及Archbold的K-12项目的新模块，并为公众项目提供更多的服务，包括公民科学、湖泊协会团体、科学艺术活动和公共研讨会。安妮湖将安装一个新的解释性标志，并通过新的视频、Archbold社交媒体和时事通讯增加湖泊科学的分享。该奖项将在安妮湖部署下一代高仪器分析浮标，这是对现有旧浮标的重大升级。广泛的（200万条记录）安妮湖浮标数据集已经通过CUAHSI在线提供，该奖项将进一步扩大Archbold为湖泊科学合作提供数据的能力，特别是与全球湖泊生态观测站网络GLEON的合作。世界各地的湖泊科学家计划利用安妮湖的数据进行分析、综合和建模。两个新的探空仪和相关传感器将允许对D.O, pH，总藻类和叶绿素，温度，电导率，fDOM和光进行连续分析，以及气象学，热通量，太阳辐射和二氧化碳的地面测量。新的仪器将扩大Archbold在跨湖研究领域的作用，例如：(i)通过增加新的CO2和D.O剖面测量湖泊代谢；（ii）通过在低叶绿素、少营养腐殖质末端成员湖泊中添加深度分辨荧光传感器，控制藻类生产和有色有机物质的高频变化；(3)时空环境异质性对亚热带湖泊浮游植物动态变化的控制作用；（iv）通过混合、热通量和太阳辐射的新测量进行气候和物理模拟。新的浮标还将允许更灵活的维护，增强对实时数据的访问，并扩大Archbold将现场站与GLEON和NEON等湖泊研究网络连接起来的作用。该奖项反映了美国国家科学基金会的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

Archbold Biological Station (Archbold www.archbold-station.org) is a biological field station in Florida dedicated to long-term ecological research and education. Archbold owns and manages a globally significant scrub preserve including the beautiful 90-acre, Lake Annie. Studies of Lake Annie are recognized globally for providing insights into the history of lakes in the southern USA (40,000-year sediment record), long-term (30-year) ecological and chemical sampling, and a moored buoy (since 2008) with sensors measuring chemical and physical conditions at the lake surface. This NSF award will support deployment of a new "next-generation profiling buoy" equipped with many more sensors (climate, oxygen, pH, algae and chlorophyll, temperature, water color, light, heat, solar radiation, and CO2) than Archbold's old buoy. Most of the new sensors will be "profiling", or constantly moving up and down, gathering data from the lake surface to the bottom of the lake at 67'. For deep lakes, like Lake Annie, continuous data from top to bottom are critical to measure features such as the "metabolism" of the whole lake, or how much energy (growth) is occurring (such as plant or algae production) versus energy loss such as via respiration. Lake scientists, especially those engaged with the Global Lakes Ecological Observatory Network or GLEON, plan to combine Lake Annie data with data from other lakes around the world, allowing them to answer questions such as how lakes of different sizes, latitude, and surrounding land use are responding differently to changing conditions. The new Lake Annie buoy will provide research and education opportunities for visiting scientists and college classes, training for graduate students and interns, online data and remote data access, as well as a new module for Archbold's K-12 program, and expanded offerings for public programs including citizen science, lake association groups, science-arts events, and public seminars. A new interpretive sign will be installed at Lake Annie as well as increased sharing of lake science via a new video, Archbold social media, and enewsletters, This award will deploy a next generation, highly-instrumented profiling buoy at Lake Annie, a significant upgrade from the existing old buoy. The extensive (2 million record) Lake Annie buoy dataset is already available online via CUAHSI and this award will further expand Archbold's ability to deliver data for collaborations in lake science, especially with the Global Lakes Ecological Observatory Network GLEON. Lake scientists around the world plan to conduct analysis, synthesis, and modeling using Lake Annie data. Two new sondes and associated sensors will allow for continuous profiling of D.O., pH, total algae and chlorophyll, temperature, conductivity, fDOM, and light, as well as surface measures of meteorology, heat fluxes, solar radiation, and CO2. The new instrumentation will expand Archbold's role in cross-lake studies in areas such as: (i) lake metabolism by adding new measures of CO2 and D.O profiles; (ii) controls of high frequency variance in algal production and colored organic material by adding depth-resolved fluorescence sensors in a low-chlorophyll, oligotrophic humic end-member lake; (iii) spatiotemporal environmental heterogeneity in controlling our highly spatiotemporally variable phytoplankton dynamics, a feature of subtropical lakes; and (iv) climate and physical modeling through new measurements of mixing, heat flux, and solar radiation. The new buoy will also allow more flexible maintenance, enhance access to real-time data, and expand Archbold's role linking field stations with lake research networks such as GLEON and NEON.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.