Collaborative Research: Modeling the Invention, Dissemination, and Translation of Scientific Concepts

协作研究：对科学概念的发明、传播和翻译进行建模

• 批准号: 1829268
• 负责人: Xiang Ren
• 金额: $ 24万
• 依托单位: University of Southern California
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2018
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2018-09-01 至 2022-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1829268&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Collaborative; Research; Modeling; Invention; Dissemination

Scientific advance rests on discovery, dissemination, and translation. And yet, most discoveries fail to get noticed and have practical relevance. Nearly every university, discipline, foundation, government and company would like to know not just how to facilitate the creation of new scientific ideas, but how to get those ideas to spread and relate to practical issues in the world. To address such challenges, this research follows leading philosophers of science who argue that scientific concepts are the basic unit of knowledge, and it is there people observe scientific revolutions and advance. This research identifies scientific concepts using natural language processing techniques. With concepts in hand, it intends to model their interrelation in documents as forming an accumulated knowledge network to which every new publication's conceptual relations can be compared. Through comparison one will identify conceptual discoveries as the arrival of new concepts and conceptual relations. Results from this project will inform a variety of stakeholders concerned with intellectual innovation. The findings will have practical relevance by identifying where and when scholars make creative intellectual contributions, contributions that garner wider attention and reception in fields and domains far afield from academe. It will also identify levers for facilitating more rapid forms of discovery, dissemination and translation. Findings from this research will thus have direct relevance to decisions by academics, government agencies, and non-governmental organizations trying to accelerate scientific advance. Specifically, this research conducts three interrelated projects that identify the social conditions giving rise to concept discovery, dissemination, and translation. The first study asks what are the conditions that give rise to scientific discoveries like new concepts and new conceptual relations? Here the project identifies ecological conditions, resources, and demographic compositions that enable forms of conceptual creativity. The second study follows concepts over time and seeks to understand how they garner attention. Notably, only some conceptual discoveries actually spread and get repeatedly used. What are the initial conditions surrounding a concept's creation that predicts its entire career? Here, the project intends to study new concepts and new concept linkages, and it will look at their staging (start) and implementation (preceding moment) practices so as to determine what drives the heightened usage of some concepts over others. The third study will follow concepts as they spread beyond their discipline and to domains outside of academia. There the project analyzes how concepts translate across fields, or how they move from basic research applications to applied ones such as those found in patents. It also asks how scientific concepts get archived as accepted knowledge in encyclopedia such as Wikipedia. What leads an idea to go from theory, to applied use, to public acceptance? Again, are there ecological conditions and socio-cultural resources that enable an idea to move across social domains? This research will generate and share unique linked data, and it will create new empirical models and extensions of theory that will shift the way scholars conceive of scientific advance.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.

科学的进步有赖于发现、传播和翻译。然而，大多数发现并没有引起人们的注意，也没有实际意义。几乎每一所大学、学科、基金会、政府和公司都不仅想知道如何促进新的科学思想的产生，而且想知道如何使这些思想得到传播，并与世界上的实际问题联系起来。为了应对这些挑战，这项研究遵循了科学哲学家的观点，他们认为科学概念是知识的基本单位，人们在那里观察科学革命和进步。本研究使用自然语言处理技术识别科学概念。有了概念，它打算将它们在文件中的相互关系建模为形成一个积累的知识网络，每个新出版物的概念关系都可以与之比较。通过比较，人们将把概念发现看作是新概念和概念关系的到来。这个项目的结果将为各种关注智力创新的利益相关者提供信息。通过确定学者在何时何地做出创造性的智力贡献，这些贡献在远离学术界的领域和领域获得更广泛的关注和接受，这些发现将具有实际意义。它还将确定促进更迅速的发现、传播和翻译形式的手段。因此，这项研究的结果将与试图加速科学进步的学术界、政府机构和非政府组织的决策直接相关。具体而言，本研究进行了三个相互关联的项目，以确定产生概念发现、传播和翻译的社会条件。第一个研究问，是什么条件导致了科学发现，比如新概念和新的概念关系？在这里，该项目确定了生态条件、资源和人口构成，使概念创造力的形式成为可能。第二项研究随着时间的推移跟踪概念，并试图理解它们是如何引起注意的。值得注意的是，只有一些概念性的发现真正得到传播和重复使用。什么是一个概念产生的初始条件，能够预测其整个职业生涯？在这里，该项目打算研究新概念和新概念的联系，并将研究它们的分期（开始）和实施（前一刻）实践，以确定是什么推动了某些概念的高度使用。第三项研究将跟踪概念在其学科之外传播到学术界以外领域的过程。在那里，该项目分析了概念是如何跨领域转化的，或者它们是如何从基础研究应用转移到诸如专利等应用的。它还询问了科学概念是如何作为公认的知识被维基百科等百科全书存档的。是什么让一个想法从理论走向应用，走向公众接受？同样，是否存在生态条件和社会文化资源，使一个想法能够跨越社会领域？这项研究将产生和共享独特的关联数据，并将创造新的经验模型和理论扩展，从而改变学者们对科学进步的看法。该奖项反映了美国国家科学基金会的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

项目成果

Temporal Attribute Prediction via Joint Modeling of Multi-Relational Structure Evolution

• DOI: 10.24963/ijcai.2020/386
• 发表时间: 2020-03
• 作者: Sankalp Garg;Navodita Sharma;Woojeong Jin;Xiang Ren

TriggerNER: Learning with Entity Triggers as Explanations for Named Entity Recognition

• DOI: 10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.752
• 发表时间: 2020-04
• 作者: Bill Yuchen Lin;Dong-Ho Lee;Minghan Shen;Ryan Rene Moreno;Xiao Huang;Prashant Shiralkar;Xiang Ren

AlpacaTag: An Active Learning-based Crowd Annotation Framework for Sequence Tagging

• DOI: 10.18653/v1/p19-3010
• 发表时间: 2019
• 作者: Bill Y. Lin;Dong-Ho Lee;Frank F. Xu;Ouyu Lan;Xiang Ren

Learning Named Entity Tagger using Domain-Specific Dictionary

• DOI: 10.18653/v1/d18-1230
• 发表时间: 2018-09
• 作者: Jingbo Shang;Liyuan Liu;Xiang Ren;Xiaotao Gu;Teng Ren;Jiawei Han

Mining Entity Synonyms with Efficient Neural Set Generation

• DOI: 10.1609/aaai.v33i01.3301249
• 发表时间: 2018-11
• 期刊: ArXiv
• 作者: Jiaming Shen;Ruiliang Lyu;Xiang Ren;M. Vanni;Brian M. Sadler;Jiawei Han