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Doctoral Dissertation Research: An Isotopic Assessment of Late Prehistoric Interregional Warfare in the Southcentral US

博士论文研究：美国中南部史前晚期区域间战争的同位素评估

基本信息

批准号：
1830438
负责人：
George Sabo
金额：
$ 1.48万
依托单位：
University of Arkansas
依托单位国家：
美国
项目类别：
Standard Grant
财政年份：
2018
资助国家：
美国
起止时间：
2018-05-01 至 2019-10-31
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1830438&HistoricalAwards=false
关键词：
Doctoral Dissertation Research Isotopic Assessment

项目摘要

There is a great need to develop better methods to identify and quantify warfare when it occurs without accompanying written documentation, and to consider alternative explanations of data. The study of isotopes preserved in human skeletal remains provide a valuable means to identify the geographic origins of individuals or groups buried in archeological contexts suggesting warfare, offering evidence that can corroborate other archaeological and biological indicators (fortifications, village destruction, traumatic skeletal injury, etc.). Even so, refinement of isotopic methods is required to improve the confidence of results. Lead (Pb) is a toxic trace metal that affects the health of biological organisms, but its composition can also indicate from where an individual originates. Pb isotopes preserved in human tooth enamel provide a signature, via food chain pathways, of the geographic area in which that individual was born and grew up. This study will establish and demonstrate a new method for biological sourcing, the biological available Pb method, which compares the Pb isotopes of prehistoric human and non-migratory animal populations to determine if humans found in the archaeological record of one area are local or actually came from another region. This will aid researchers who commonly question whether particular burials or mortuary treatments, such as isolated skulls and mandibles, reflect special burial treatment of honored ancestors or the disposal of dismembered enemies from other regions. This study will test if late prehistoric Caddo communities in southwest Arkansas were committing large-scale acts of violence against neighboring regions. Concurrent archeological evidence of increased violence in the Southern Plains and the Eastern Woodlands may reflect increasing tensions between regions. Alternatively, unusual burial treatments often attributed to warfare might indicate alternative practices involving transport of partial skeletal remains for special burial at important regional centers. This study also serves the practical purpose of determining cultural affiliation for the purposes of Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act compliance and to inform and encourage feedback from descendant communities including the Caddo Nation of Oklahoma. The study also has practical forensic applications for determining points of geographic origin for human skeletal material recovered from multiple present day/recent contexts.Mr. Samuelsen, under the supervision of Dr. George Sabo III, will employ Pb and strontium (Sr) isotope analysis to evaluate early lifetime locations for the remains of 352 individuals represented in a skull-and-mandible cemetery (A.D. 1253-1399) at the Crenshaw site in southwest Arkansas, as part of his dissertation research. This will be accomplished through the creation of a comparative multi-state map of biologically available Pb/Sr isotopic ratios from states surrounding Arkansas. This map will be compared to Pb/Sr isotopic ratios from the human and animal remains from Crenshaw and other southwest Arkansas sites. High resolution Pb and Sr isotopes will be obtained using a multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (MC-ICP-MS) at the University of Arkansas. The resulting data, whether indicating local or foreign origin, will illustrate how biological Pb isotopes can be analyzed, how they can reveal the purpose behind specialized burial treatments, and demonstrate how isotopes like Pb and Sr can help evaluate the prevalence and extent of many ancient cultural practices including interregional warfare and specialized mortuary practice.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.

在没有书面文件的情况下，迫切需要制定更好的方法来确定和量化战争，并考虑对数据的其他解释。对保存在人类骨骼遗骸中的同位素的研究提供了一种有价值的手段，可以确定埋葬在考古背景中的个人或群体的地理来源，这些考古背景表明战争，并提供了可以证实其他考古和生物指标（防御工事，村庄破坏，创伤性骨骼损伤等）的证据。即便如此，仍需要改进同位素方法以提高结果的可信度。铅（Pb）是一种有毒的微量金属，影响生物有机体的健康，但其成分也可以指示个体的起源。保存在人类牙釉质中的铅同位素通过食物链途径提供了一个人出生和成长的地理区域的签名。本研究将建立和展示一种新的生物来源的方法，生物有效铅的方法，它比较了史前人类和非迁徙动物种群的铅同位素，以确定是否在一个地区的考古记录中发现的人类是本地的或实际上来自另一个地区。这将有助于研究人员通常质疑特定的埋葬或太平间处理，如孤立的头骨和下颌骨，是否反映了尊敬的祖先的特殊埋葬待遇或来自其他地区的肢解敌人的处理。这项研究将测试阿肯色州西南部的史前晚期卡多社区是否对邻近地区实施了大规模的暴力行为。同时，南部平原和东部林地暴力事件增加的考古证据可能反映了地区之间日益紧张的局势。或者，通常归因于战争的不寻常的埋葬处理可能表明替代做法，包括运输部分骨骼遗骸，以便在重要的区域中心进行特殊埋葬。这项研究还服务于确定文化归属的实际目的，为美洲原住民坟墓保护和遣返法的遵守，并告知和鼓励后代社区，包括俄克拉荷马州的卡多民族的反馈。该研究还具有实际的法医应用，可用于确定从多种现代/近期环境中恢复的人类骨骼材料的地理来源点。将采用铅和锶（Sr）同位素分析来评估头骨和下颌骨墓地中352具遗骸的早期生命位置（公元1253-1399年）在阿肯色州西南部的克伦肖遗址，作为他论文研究的一部分。这将通过创建一个比较多的生物可利用的铅/锶同位素比从周围的阿肯色州国家的国家地图来实现。这张地图将与克伦肖和其他阿肯色州西南部遗址的人类和动物遗骸的铅/锶同位素比值进行比较。高分辨率的铅和锶同位素将使用多收集电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（MC-ICP-MS）在阿肯色州大学。由此产生的数据，无论是表明本地或外国的来源，将说明如何生物铅同位素可以分析，他们如何可以揭示背后的目的专门埋葬处理，并展示了铅和锶等同位素如何帮助评估许多古代文化习俗的流行程度和范围，包括区域间战争和专门的丧葬习俗。该奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并被认为是值得的。通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估来提供支持。