Refuge and Belonging: Transformations of Refugee Protection in the Federal Republic of Germany

德国是主要的庇护国之一，也是工业化国家中难民人数最多的国家之一。虽然即使在目前的移民辩论中也很少讨论，但联邦共和国一直欢迎基于各种理由的被迫移民。它一直是流离失所的德国人、政治避难者、来自世界各地的重新安置的难民以及逃离战争或其他绝望局势的被迫移民的避难所。然而，获得保护的机会一直是高度选择性的。允许在德意志联邦共和国避难的理由在政治上受到了争议，从公民-政治模式到文化-国家模式又回来了。这项研究项目考察了德意志联邦共和国的避难历史和关于难民的政治辩论的转变。它在其主题及其应用概念方面具有开创性，借鉴了政治归属和记忆理论，不仅揭示了庇护的历史和理论，而且揭示了接受国的政治文化。该项目的前提是庇护概念是主权属于非国民的延伸。保护的好处是基于在公民或文化方面属于联邦共和国政治机构的政治上有争议的概念。因此，在这个项目中，仔细研究了德国战后历史上难民保护的六个关键时刻的政治辩论，其中一些是第一次：1949年《基本法》中的政治庇护制度化；1968-69年接收捷克斯洛伐克寻求庇护者；1975-82年重新安置印度支那难民时从公民观念转向文化观念；1992-93年庇护法改革及其之前关于国家归属感的辩论；1999-2000年接收来自科索沃的强迫移民；以及2003年及以后建立欧洲难民制度时回归公民观念。印刷媒体、议会辩论和联邦政府内阁中的讨论都受到分析。在方法上，有关避难的政治声明阐明了一条将被迫移民与德国政体联系在一起的历史归属感轨迹。为了在那些关于难民和避难的政治争论中引出归属的概念，特别注意记忆的使用以及如何在记忆中构建德国人的归属感和寻求保护的人之间的关系。该项目的调查结果将以文章和专著的形式发表，展示德意志联邦共和国第一部全面的避难史。由于这项研究将在牛津大学难民研究中心进行，它将在全球强迫移徙研究的前沿和背景下进行，不仅有助于对德国政治文化及其过去的移民历史有一个新的看法，而且有助于采用一种新的方法来研究庇护和庇护。

Germany is one of the main countries of asylum and host to the largest population of refugees in the industrial world. While little discussed even in current immigration debates, the Federal Republic has always welcomed forced migrants on various grounds. It has been refuge to displaced ethnic-Germans, to political asylum seekers, to resettled refugees from around the globe and to forced migrants who escaped war or other situations of despair. However, access to protection has always been highly selective. Rationales upon which refuge in the Federal Republic of Germany has been granted have been politically contested and altered from civic-political to cultural-national models and back. This research project examines the history of refuge in the Federal Republic of Germany and the transformation of political debates about refugees. It is pioneering in its topic and its applied concepts, drawing on theories of political belonging and memory, shedding new light not only on the history and theory of refuge but on the receiving country's political culture.The project is premised on a concept of refuge as an extension of sovereign belonging to non-nationals. The merit of protection is granted on the basis of politically contested notions of belonging to the federal republic's political body in either civic or cultural terms. Thus, in this project political debates at six pivotal moments of refugee protection in Germany's post-war history are closely examined, some for the first time: the institutionalisation of political asylum in the Basic Law 1949; the intake of Czechoslovakian asylum seekers in 1968-69; the turn from civic to cultural perceptions in the resettlement of Indo-Chinese refugees 1975-82; the asylum law reform 1992-93 and its preceding debate about national belonging; the reception of forced migrants from Kosovo 1999-2000; and the return to civic notions in the establishment of a European Refugee System 2003 and onwards. Print media, parliamentary debates and discussions in the federal government's cabinet are subject to analysis. Methodologically, political statements about refuge illuminate a historical trajectory of belonging that links forced migrants to the German polity. In order to draw out notions of belonging in those political arguments about refugees and refuge, particular attention is given to the use of memories and how relationships between German belonging and those seeking protection are constructed therein.The findings of this project will be published in articles and as a monograph, presenting the first comprehensive history of refuge in the Federal Republic of Germany. As the research will be conducted at the Refugee Studies Centre, University of Oxford it will be set at and in the context of the forefront of global Forced Migration Studies and contribute not only to a new perception of German political culture and its immigration past but to a novel approach to the international study of refuge and asylum.