Arctic water isotope cycle processes and patterns in the Central Arctic during an International Arctic Drift Expedition (MOSAiC)

北极正在经历戏剧性的变化，正在影响北部以及包括整个美国、欧洲和斯堪的纳维亚半岛在内的地区的陆地和海洋环境。由于干旱频率的增加和水资源短缺的加剧，热带地区甚至感受到了北极的变化。这些变化继续以越来越快的速度发生，并通过北极海冰的缩小、永久冻土和古代碳排放到大气中的融化、陆地积雪的减少、灌木对苔原的侵蚀以及北极低涡向美国、欧洲和斯堪的纳维亚半岛爆发的更频繁和更长时间的冷空气和雪来确认和放大。对整个北极变化至关重要的最重要的变化之一是，水循环现在是如何表现的，它如何与海冰相互作用，天气事件如何决定北极水分和空气向低纬度地区的输送，以及低纬度水分如何进入北极，这决定了降水模式和北方各地的淡水输送。然而，要了解北极水循环在整个日历年的表现，包括在极地夜晚，冬季直接在北极盆地进行测量和观测，是非常困难的，因为该地区有时几乎像月球的黑暗面一样偏远和不适宜居住。该项目的目标是测试、测量和发展对北极水循环在1.5年内持续实时行为的全新理解，这是北极重大气候倡议的一部分，该倡议涉及陆基站与Polarstein破冰船上的同步测量相协调。这些协调的实时测量将在秋季、冬季、春季和夏季期间进行，因为破冰船从北极东部、穿过北极、沿格陵兰东海岸漂流到巴伦支海地区。该项目将从格陵兰图勒空军基地和北站连续测量水蒸气和降水化学，并将与船上和北极其他陆基站进行的测量相协调。这些同步数据将被用于新的可视化包中，以显示、分享和观察海冰、大气传输模式和天气模式如何决定整个北极以及进入北美、欧洲、斯堪的纳维亚和欧亚大陆的水蒸气和降水的分布。该项目有几个更广泛的影响、推广和教育成果。通过将测量结果与马赛克漂流任务相协调，它将有助于集思广益，了解北极系统，有助于更全面地了解S在整个一年中的行为，包括最悬而未决的时期，极夜和冬季。该项目还旨在对学生在课堂上观察所发现的情况进行教育，包括实时描绘风暴系统发展并随后传播穿过北极盆地、从北极盆地进入北美和欧洲以及从欧洲和北美进入北极时的水蒸气和降水化学。该项目包括培训一名博士后科学家，使她/他熟悉尖端技术，她/他将有机会与许多北极国家的同辈科学家合作，探索新的研究场所，包括来自德国、瑞典、芬兰和丹麦的合作伙伴。该项目还旨在开发一套新的北极水循环和北极变化讲座，通过北极(http://education.uarctic.org/studies/courses)提供，并张贴给公众访问。这些讲座也将提供给全球社会，包括美国、芬兰、瑞典、德国、丹麦和挪威社会。这一奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的智力优势和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

The Arctic is experiencing dramatic changes that are impacting land and ocean environments in the north and in regions that include the entirety of the US, Europe and Scandinavia. Changes in the Arctic are even being felt in tropical regions through increased drought frequency and the intensity of water shortages. These changes are continuing to occur at faster and faster rates and are recognized and amplified by the shrinking of the Arctic's sea ice, the thawing of permafrost and ancient carbon emissions into the atmosphere, declining terrestrial snow pack, shrub encroachment of the tundra, and more frequent and prolonged Arctic Vortex blasts of cold air and snow into the US, Europe and Scandinavia. One of the most important changes that is central to the entirety of Arctic change is how the water cycle is behaving now, how it interacts with sea ice and how weather events dictate transport of Arctic moisture and air into the lower latitudes and how low latitude moisture is transferred into the Arctic, dictating precipitation patterns and the delivery of freshwater around the north. However, understanding how the Arctic water cycle is behaving over the entire calendar year, including during polar night with measurements and observations directly in the Arctic Basin during winter has been tremendously difficult as the region at times is almost as remote and inhospitable as the dark side of the moon. The goal of this project is to test, measure and develop a completely new understanding of the real-time behavior of the Arctic water cycle continuously during 1.5 years as part of a major Arctic climate initiative involving land-based stations in coordination with simultaneous measurements aboard the Polarstern icebreaker. These coordinated, real-time measurements will take place as the icebreaker drifts during fall, winter, spring and summer from the eastern Arctic, across the North Pole, along the east coast of Greenland and into the Barents Sea region. This project will take continuous measurements of water vapor and precipitation chemistry from Thule Air Base and Station Nord in Greenland and will be coordinated with measurements being taken on the ship and from other land-based stations in the Arctic. This simultaneous data will be used in new visualization packages to display, share and observe how sea ice, atmospheric transport patterns, and weather patterns are dictating the distribution of water vapor and precipitation throughout the Arctic and into North America, Europe, Scandinavia and Eurasia. This project has several broader impacts, outreach and educational outcomes. By coordinating the measurements with the MOSAiC drift mission, it will contribute to the collective wisdom and understanding of the Arctic System, helping to develop a more holistic understanding of it?s behavior over an entire year, including the most unresolved period, polar night & winter. The project also aims to educate students in classrooms during the observation period of what is discovered, including real-time depictions of water vapor and precipitation chemistry as storm systems develop and then propagate across the Arctic Basin and from the Arctic Basin into North America and Europe and from Europe and North America into the Arctic. The project includes training a postdoctoral scientist whereby she/he will become familiar with cutting edge technology and she/he will have opportunities to explore new venues of study by working with like-generation scientists from many of the Artic countries including partners from Germany, Sweden, Finland and Denmark. The project also aims to develop a new set of Arctic Water Cycle and Arctic Change lectures to be offered through UArctic (http://education.uarctic.org/studies/courses) and posted for public access. These lectures will also be made available to the global community including the US, Finnish, Swedish, German, Danish and Norwegian societies.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.