Arctic water isotope cycle processes and patterns in the Central Arctic during an International Arctic Drift Expedition (MOSAiC)

北极正在经历巨大的变化，影响着北部以及包括整个美国、欧洲和斯堪的纳维亚半岛在内的地区的陆地和海洋环境。通过干旱频率的增加和水资源短缺的加剧，热带地区甚至也感受到了北极的变化。这些变化正在以越来越快的速度继续发生，并被北极海冰的萎缩、永久冻土的融化和向大气中排放的古老碳、陆地积雪的减少、苔原的灌木侵蚀以及更频繁和更长时间的北极涡旋冷空气和雪吹向美国、欧洲和斯堪的纳维亚半岛所认识和放大。整个北极变化中最重要的变化之一是水循环现在的行为方式，它如何与海冰相互作用，天气事件如何决定北极水分和空气向低纬度地区的输送，低纬度地区的水分如何转移到北极，从而决定了降水模式和北部淡水的输送。然而，要了解北极水循环在整个日历年中，包括在极夜期间，通过冬季在北极盆地直接测量和观测，是非常困难的，因为该地区有时几乎像月球的阴暗面一样偏远和不适宜居住。该项目的目标是在1.5年的时间里连续测试、测量和发展对北极水循环实时行为的全新理解，这是一项主要的北极气候倡议的一部分，该倡议涉及陆基站与北极星破冰船上的同步测量协调。这些协调的实时测量将在破冰船在秋季、冬季、春季和夏季从北极东部漂流，穿过北极，沿着格陵兰岛东海岸进入巴伦支海地区。该项目将从格陵兰岛的图勒空军基地和北站对水蒸气和降水化学进行连续测量，并将与船上和北极其他陆基站进行的测量相协调。这些同步数据将被用于新的可视化软件包中，用于显示、分享和观察海冰、大气运输模式和天气模式如何决定整个北极地区以及北美、欧洲、斯堪的纳维亚和欧亚大陆的水蒸气和降水分布。该项目有几个更广泛的影响，推广和教育成果。通过与MOSAiC漂移任务协调测量，它将有助于集体智慧和对北极系统的理解，帮助发展对它的更全面的理解。包括最未解决的时期，极夜和冬季。该项目还旨在教育课堂上的学生在观测期间所发现的东西，包括实时描述水蒸气和降水化学，因为风暴系统发展，然后传播穿过北极盆地，从北极盆地到北美和欧洲，从欧洲和北美到北极。该项目包括培养一名博士后科学家，使其熟悉尖端技术，并有机会与来自许多北极国家的同一代科学家（包括德国、瑞典、芬兰和丹麦的合作伙伴）合作，探索新的研究领域。该项目还旨在开发一套新的北极水循环和北极变化讲座，通过UArctic （http://education.uarctic.org/studies/courses）提供，并发布给公众使用。这些讲座也将提供给国际社会，包括美国、芬兰、瑞典、德国、丹麦和挪威的社会。该奖项反映了美国国家科学基金会的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

The Arctic is experiencing dramatic changes that are impacting land and ocean environments in the north and in regions that include the entirety of the US, Europe and Scandinavia. Changes in the Arctic are even being felt in tropical regions through increased drought frequency and the intensity of water shortages. These changes are continuing to occur at faster and faster rates and are recognized and amplified by the shrinking of the Arctic's sea ice, the thawing of permafrost and ancient carbon emissions into the atmosphere, declining terrestrial snow pack, shrub encroachment of the tundra, and more frequent and prolonged Arctic Vortex blasts of cold air and snow into the US, Europe and Scandinavia. One of the most important changes that is central to the entirety of Arctic change is how the water cycle is behaving now, how it interacts with sea ice and how weather events dictate transport of Arctic moisture and air into the lower latitudes and how low latitude moisture is transferred into the Arctic, dictating precipitation patterns and the delivery of freshwater around the north. However, understanding how the Arctic water cycle is behaving over the entire calendar year, including during polar night with measurements and observations directly in the Arctic Basin during winter has been tremendously difficult as the region at times is almost as remote and inhospitable as the dark side of the moon. The goal of this project is to test, measure and develop a completely new understanding of the real-time behavior of the Arctic water cycle continuously during 1.5 years as part of a major Arctic climate initiative involving land-based stations in coordination with simultaneous measurements aboard the Polarstern icebreaker. These coordinated, real-time measurements will take place as the icebreaker drifts during fall, winter, spring and summer from the eastern Arctic, across the North Pole, along the east coast of Greenland and into the Barents Sea region. This project will take continuous measurements of water vapor and precipitation chemistry from Thule Air Base and Station Nord in Greenland and will be coordinated with measurements being taken on the ship and from other land-based stations in the Arctic. This simultaneous data will be used in new visualization packages to display, share and observe how sea ice, atmospheric transport patterns, and weather patterns are dictating the distribution of water vapor and precipitation throughout the Arctic and into North America, Europe, Scandinavia and Eurasia. This project has several broader impacts, outreach and educational outcomes. By coordinating the measurements with the MOSAiC drift mission, it will contribute to the collective wisdom and understanding of the Arctic System, helping to develop a more holistic understanding of it?s behavior over an entire year, including the most unresolved period, polar night & winter. The project also aims to educate students in classrooms during the observation period of what is discovered, including real-time depictions of water vapor and precipitation chemistry as storm systems develop and then propagate across the Arctic Basin and from the Arctic Basin into North America and Europe and from Europe and North America into the Arctic. The project includes training a postdoctoral scientist whereby she/he will become familiar with cutting edge technology and she/he will have opportunities to explore new venues of study by working with like-generation scientists from many of the Artic countries including partners from Germany, Sweden, Finland and Denmark. The project also aims to develop a new set of Arctic Water Cycle and Arctic Change lectures to be offered through UArctic (http://education.uarctic.org/studies/courses) and posted for public access. These lectures will also be made available to the global community including the US, Finnish, Swedish, German, Danish and Norwegian societies.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.