RAPID: 2018 Hurricane Season -- Study of Hurricane Florence at Landfall

该RAPID项目旨在利用2018年9月13日至14日北卡罗来纳州飓风佛罗伦萨登陆期间捕获的独特数据集。俄克拉荷马州大学的C波段SR 3 SMART雷达、沿着的四台便携式集成降水传感器（PIPS）和一台具有无线电探空仪功能的移动的中网在佛罗伦萨之前部署，并在风暴登陆时收集了超过30个小时的雷达和PIPS数据以及沿着的12个无线电探空仪剖面。SR 3雷达与威尔明顿国家气象局WSR-88 D形成了50 km的基线，提供了两个能够进行风场反演的区域。缓慢移动的流通中心通过双多普勒波瓣，并产生了众多的涡旋Rossby波（VRW）驱动的内核雨带和众多的中涡旋沿着收缩眼墙的内边缘。智力优点：数据将被用来解决以下科学问题：（一）如何频繁的眼墙不对称能够脱落VRW？(ii)什么样的机制似乎控制VRW的频率？(iii)在多大程度上VRW似乎与沿眼壁内边缘沿着的中涡旋的形成有关？(iv)在登陆期间，眼壁中涡对观测到的最大近地面风有多大的贡献？(v)如何传播VRW调制边界层风，热力学和大气压力？(vi)观测到的建筑物的损坏与风场的属性有何关系？为了保证数据的质量，为研究提供高质量的风场，以及为佛罗伦萨的高分辨率数值模拟的验证提供前所未有的数据集，还有许多工作要做。RAPID基金将允许立即处理数据，确保快速发布研究质量的雷达导出风场和PIP数据，这将使PI和许多其他NSF赞助的研究人员能够制定未来的研究策略。更广泛的影响：该RAPID基金将鼓励大学继续支持SMART雷达部署在登陆飓风中。佛罗伦萨期间SMART雷达部署的数据通过灾害影响评估计划分发清单（包括FEMA）实时分发给国家气象局和应急管理人员办公室以及联邦气象协调员办公室。 实时风速也被发送到NOAA国家飓风中心。 此外，SMART雷达数据还用于俄克拉荷马州大学的研究生和本科生教育，并提供给其他大学教师在课堂上使用。最后，风属性地图（WAM）从这项研究中产生的风工程界将高度重视，因为他们评估损坏的原因沿着海岸和建模社区的结构，因为风场需要先进的验证登陆热带气旋的数值模拟。该项目将与德克萨斯理工大学、佛罗里达大学、奥本大学和伊利诺伊大学的教师合作。该奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并被认为值得通过使用基金会的智力价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估来支持。

This RAPID project seeks to take advantage of a unique data set captured during the landfall of Hurricane Florence in North Carolina during 13-14 September 2018. The University of Oklahoma C-band SR3 SMART radar, along with four Portable Integrated Precipitation Sensors (PIPS), and a mobile mesonet with radiosonde capability deployed in advance of Florence and collected more than 30 hours of radar and PIPS data along with twelve radiosonde profiles as the storm came ashore. The SR3 radar formed a 50 km baseline with the Wilmington NWS WSR-88D, providing two areas in which wind retrievals were able to be performed. The slow-moving center of circulation passed through both dual-Doppler lobes and generated numerous vortex Rossby wave (VRW) driven inner core rain bands and numerous mesovortices along the inner edge of the shrinking eyewall.Intellectual Merit:The data will be used to address the following scientific questions: (i) how frequently are asymmetries in the eyewall able to shed VRWs? (ii) what mechanisms appear to control the frequency of VRWs? (iii) to what extent do VRWs appear to be correlated to the formation of mesovortices along the inner edge of the eyewall? (iv) to what extent do eyewall mesovortices contribute to the maximum near-surface wind observed during landfall? (v) how do propagating VRWs modulate the boundary layer winds, thermodynamics, and atmospheric pressure? (vi) how is the observed damage to built structures related to attributes of the wind field?Much effort remains to be performed to quality assure the data and generate high quality wind fields for the research as well as to provide an unprecedented data set for validation of high-resolution numerical simulations of Florence. The RAPID grant would allow immediate processing of the data, ensuring quick publication of the research-quality radar-derived wind fields and PIPs data that would enable future research strategies by the PI and numerous other NSF sponsored researchers.Broader Impacts:This RAPID grant would encourage continued university support for SMART radar deployments in landfalling hurricanes. Data from the SMART radar deployment during Florence were distributed in realtime to the NWS and emergency managers office as well as the Office of Federal Coordinator in Meteorology through the Disaster Impacts Assessment Plan distribution list, which includes FEMA. Real-time winds were also sent to the NOAA National Hurricane Center. Additionally, the SMART radar data are used in graduate and undergraduate education at University of Oklahoma and made available to other university instructors for use in their class. Finally, the wind attribute maps (WAMs) generated from this research will be highly valued by the wind engineering community as they evaluate the causes of damage to structures along the coast and by the modeling community since the wind fields are needed for advanced validation of numerical simulations of landfalling tropical cyclones. The project will embrace collaborations with faculty at Texas Tech University, the University of Florida, Auburn University, and University of Illinois.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.