权益分类	功能权益	普通用户	{{item.name}}会员
{{category.name}}	{{benefitItem.name}}

Doctoral Dissertation Research: Sovereignty, Displacement, and Land Titling Strategies

博士论文研究：主权、流离失所和土地所有权策略

基本信息

批准号：
1918424
负责人：
shannon speed
金额：
$ 1.68万
依托单位：
University of California-Los Angeles
依托单位国家：
美国
项目类别：
Standard Grant
财政年份：
2019
资助国家：
美国
起止时间：
2019-12-01 至 2023-06-30
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1918424&HistoricalAwards=false
关键词：
Doctoral Dissertation Research Sovereignty Displacement

项目摘要

The increased dominance of large-scale, plantation-based production to meet global demand for commodities has contributed to the displacement of smaller communities, the loss of which has been well-documented as having adverse environmental and social impacts. Having possession of a land base is essential in order to generate revenues and prevent their own displacement, particularly for economically disadvantaged and minority communities. Legal titling and registration of those lands is often considered to be a critical method for ensuring a land base, yet titling does not always translate into real possession of those lands. Government policies, private sector forces, and natural disasters, may gradually erode of a land base as they legally or economically compel community members to sell or vacate their titled lands. Without the ability to decide who can use the lands, manage the purposes for which they are used, and enforce those policies, such communities have little security over their land bases. This project, which supports the training of a graduate student in anthropology in the methods of empirical, scientific data collection and analysis, explores how such communities establish authority over land in order to prevent their displacement. This doctoral dissertation research centers the experiences of nine Indigenous Rama and Afrodescendant Kriol communities in southeastern Nicaragua that received a communal title to a territory that is four-fifths the size of Delaware in 2009. This site is particularly appropriate for this project due to the recency of the issuing of a title and the researcher's engagement with these communities during a majority of the period since the title was issued, providing for an analysis of the changing conditions of territorial control since that time. While Nicaraguan law guarantees that communal lands under the title may not be sold, mortgaged, or otherwise alienated except in extremely limited circumstances and after consultation with the communities, the Rama-Kriol Territory is being impacted by mestizo settlers from the interior of the country, who are seizing growing segments of the territory for crops and ranching. This has destroyed Rama-Kriol agricultural areas and hunting grounds, contaminated rivers, and wholly displaced one Rama community. The investigation will focus on how the Rama-Kriol Territorial Government and its constituent communities are seeking to effectively use their territory through three key areas: the management of the physical occupancy of the territory; the gathering and management of information about the occupancy of the territory; and the contestation of the capacity of different levels of government to decide on the management of the territory. To do so, the researcher will interview community members, Rama and Kriol forest rangers, communal and territorial leaders, government officials, and mestizo settlers in the territory and carry out participant-observation in the daily activities of land governance in the Rama-Kriol Territory. This will allow for a fine-grained understanding of ways in which people experience and participate in these processes. Archival research at the Nicaraguan national archives will also add historical depth to this study of the processes of colonization and dispossession under way in the Rama-Kriol Territory. The resulting research products will contribute an understanding of the practices through which Indigenous and Afrodescendant sovereignty is formed and preserved, which has implications both for Indigenous and Afrodescendant peoples worldwide and for the study of sovereignty, autonomy, and state formation across the social sciences.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.

为了满足全球对商品的需求，大规模的、以种植园为基础的生产日益占主导地位，这造成了较小社区的流离失所，这些社区的丧失对环境和社会产生了不利影响。为了创造收入和防止他们自己流离失所，特别是对经济上处于不利地位和少数民族社区来说，拥有一个土地基地是必不可少的。这些土地的合法所有权和登记通常被认为是确保土地基础的关键方法，但所有权并不总是转化为对这些土地的真正占有。政府政策、私营部门的力量和自然灾害可能会逐渐侵蚀土地基础，因为它们在法律上或经济上迫使社区成员出售或腾出他们的土地。没有能力决定谁可以使用土地，管理土地的用途，并执行这些政策，这些社区对其土地基地几乎没有安全感。该项目支持对一名人类学研究生进行经验、科学数据收集和分析方法的培训，探讨这些社区如何在土地上建立权威，以防止他们流离失所。这篇博士论文的研究中心是尼加拉瓜东南部九个土著拉玛人和非洲后裔克里奥尔社区的经历，这些社区在2009年获得了一块面积相当于特拉华州五分之四的土地的公共所有权。这个地点特别适合这个项目，因为最近发布了一个标题，并且研究人员在标题发布后的大部分时间里与这些社区进行了接触，提供了对自那时以来领土控制条件变化的分析。虽然尼加拉瓜法律保证公有土地不得出售、抵押或以其他方式转让，除非在极为有限的情况下，并在与社区协商后，但Rama-Kriol领土正受到来自该国内陆的混血儿定居者的影响，他们正在占领该领土的种植部分，用于种植作物和放牧。这摧毁了Rama- kriol的农业区和狩猎场，污染了河流，并使一个Rama社区完全流离失所。调查将集中于拉马-克里奥尔领土政府及其组成社区如何设法通过以下三个关键领域有效利用其领土：对领土实际占用的管理；国土占用情况的收集和管理；以及对不同级别政府决定领土管理能力的争论。为此，研究人员将采访该地区的社区成员、Rama和Kriol森林护林员、社区和领土领导人、政府官员和混血儿定居者，并对Rama-Kriol领土的土地治理日常活动进行参与式观察。这将允许对人们体验和参与这些过程的方式进行细致的理解。尼加拉瓜国家档案馆的档案研究也将增加对拉马-克里奥尔领土正在进行的殖民化和剥夺过程的研究的历史深度。由此产生的研究成果将有助于理解土著和非洲人后裔主权形成和维护的实践，这对世界各地的土著和非洲人后裔以及主权、自治和国家形成的社会科学研究都有影响。该奖项反映了美国国家科学基金会的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。