Adaptations to Repetitive Flooding: Understanding Cross-Cultural and Legal Possibilities for Long-Term Solutions to Flooding Disaster

北极研究人员和各国日益达成共识，认为重要的是将北极科学知识用于实现社会目标，包括更好地理解和适应极端事件和灾害。在阿拉斯加和整个美国，持续和习惯性的洪水是一场特别昂贵和具有挑战性的灾难。重复洪水财产仅占国家洪水保险计划(NFIP)所代表的所有财产的1%，但却占所提出索赔的约38%。在阿拉斯加，尽管经历了反复的洪灾事件，但因努皮亚特人和北极其他土著社区的反复洪灾问题的解决方案尚未出台。此外，有一些迹象表明，当决策发生在社区一级时，重新安置的政策选择具有更大的挑战性，这通常发生在土著社区，而不是在家庭一级。首先，我们将分析遭遇反复洪灾的社区的搬迁政策选择。我们将通过分析社区和个人在阿拉斯加和美国搬迁的时间和地点的政策应用来做到这一点，包括官僚自由裁量权在搬迁情景中是如何使用的。这项分析包括绘制搬迁政策解决方案的政治和经济成本、历史推论和可行性--从创建全新的机构，到修改现有的减灾和灾害政策，以纳入更广泛的搬迁选择。将可能的解决方案映射到重复洪水是至关重要的，可能会应用于全美数百个社区。我们的第二条调查路线是从因努皮特人的角度来审查什么构成了与文化相关的搬迁。我们假设“适应”与“应对”是不同的，后者是赤裸裸的生存，而前者是一种主观的幸福感体验，是随着社会和/或生态压力而改变的生活方式。通过从因努皮亚特人的角度分析适应，我们将更好地理解文化主体性如何与灾害应对相互作用，从而为与文化相关的适应战略提供信息。我们分析的最后将是对这些调查线索进行三角测量，以了解文化多样性和灾害应对可能性如何在成功的风险缓解中相互联系。该奖项由极端事件预测和抵御极端事件(PREEVENTS)计划共同资助。该奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的智力优势和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

There is growing consensus among Arctic researchers and nations that it is important to operationalize Arctic scientific knowledge for the purposes of achieving societal goals, including better understanding and adapting to extreme events and disasters. In Alaska and throughout the US, persistent and habitual floods are a particularly expensive and challenging disaster to solve. Repetitive flooding properties account for only 1% of all properties represented by the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) yet are responsible for approximately 38% of the claims made. In Alaska, solutions to repetitive flooding for Inupiat and other Indigenous communities in the Arctic have not been forthcoming, despite experiencing repetitive flooding events. Additionally, there is some indication that policy options for relocation are more challenging when decision-making occurs at the community level, as it often does in Indigenous communities, instead of at the household level.This project addresses two lines of inquiry into this complex problem. First, we will analyze relocation policy options for communities experiencing repetitive flooding. We will do so by analyzing policy application when and where communities and individuals have relocated in Alaska and the US, including how bureaucratic discretion has been used in relocation scenarios. Included in this analysis is mapping the political and economic costs, historical corollaries, and feasibility of relocation policy solutions - from creating wholly new agencies, to amending current hazard mitigation and disaster policies to include a wider range of options for relocation. Mapping possible solutions to repetitive flooding is critical and might be applied to hundreds of communities across the United States. Our second line of inquiry is to examine what constitutes culturally relevant relocation from an Inupiat perspective. We hypothesize that 'adaptation' is distinct from 'coping,' the latter being bare survival, while the former is a subjective experience of wellbeing, following changes in lifeways in response to social and/or ecological pressure. By analyzing adaptation from an Inupiat perspective, we will better understand how cultural subjectivities interact with disaster response to inform culturally-relevant adaptation strategies. The end of our analysis will be to triangulate these lines of inquiry to understand how cultural multiplicity and disaster response possibilities are interconnected in successful risk mitigation. This award is cofunded by the Prediction of and Resilience against Extreme Events (PREEVENTS) programThis award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.