Adaptations to Repetitive Flooding: Understanding Cross-Cultural and Legal Possibilities for Long-Term Solutions to Flooding Disaster

北极研究人员和各国日益达成共识，认为必须将北极科学知识用于实现社会目标，包括更好地了解和适应极端事件和灾害。在阿拉斯加和整个美国，持续和习惯性的洪水是一个特别昂贵和具有挑战性的灾难来解决。重复性洪水财产仅占国家洪水保险计划（NFIP）所代表的所有财产的1%，但约占索赔的38%。在阿拉斯加，尽管经历了反复的洪水事件，但因纽特人和北极其他土著社区的反复洪水问题尚未得到解决。此外，有迹象表明，在社区一级而不是在家庭一级作出决策时，重新安置的政策选择更具挑战性，土著社区往往如此。首先，我们将分析反复遭受洪水的社区的搬迁政策选择。我们将通过分析政策应用的时间和地点的社区和个人已经搬迁在阿拉斯加和美国，包括如何官僚自由裁量权已在搬迁方案中使用。这项分析包括绘制政治和经济成本、历史必然结果以及搬迁政策解决方案的可行性--从创建全新的机构到修改当前的减灾和灾害政策，以纳入更广泛的搬迁选择。绘制重复性洪水的可能解决方案至关重要，可能适用于美国数百个社区。我们的第二条调查线是从因纽特人的角度研究什么构成了文化相关的搬迁。我们假设，“适应”是不同的“应对”，后者是赤裸裸的生存，而前者是一个主观的幸福感的经验，在生活方式的变化，以应对社会和/或生态压力。通过从因纽特人的角度分析适应，我们将更好地理解文化主体性如何与灾害应对互动，以告知文化相关的适应策略。我们分析的最后将是对这些调查路线进行三角测量，以了解文化多样性和灾害应对可能性在成功减轻风险方面是如何相互联系的。该奖项由极端事件预测和复原力（PREEVENTS）计划共同资助。该奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并被认为值得通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估来支持。

There is growing consensus among Arctic researchers and nations that it is important to operationalize Arctic scientific knowledge for the purposes of achieving societal goals, including better understanding and adapting to extreme events and disasters. In Alaska and throughout the US, persistent and habitual floods are a particularly expensive and challenging disaster to solve. Repetitive flooding properties account for only 1% of all properties represented by the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) yet are responsible for approximately 38% of the claims made. In Alaska, solutions to repetitive flooding for Inupiat and other Indigenous communities in the Arctic have not been forthcoming, despite experiencing repetitive flooding events. Additionally, there is some indication that policy options for relocation are more challenging when decision-making occurs at the community level, as it often does in Indigenous communities, instead of at the household level.This project addresses two lines of inquiry into this complex problem. First, we will analyze relocation policy options for communities experiencing repetitive flooding. We will do so by analyzing policy application when and where communities and individuals have relocated in Alaska and the US, including how bureaucratic discretion has been used in relocation scenarios. Included in this analysis is mapping the political and economic costs, historical corollaries, and feasibility of relocation policy solutions - from creating wholly new agencies, to amending current hazard mitigation and disaster policies to include a wider range of options for relocation. Mapping possible solutions to repetitive flooding is critical and might be applied to hundreds of communities across the United States. Our second line of inquiry is to examine what constitutes culturally relevant relocation from an Inupiat perspective. We hypothesize that 'adaptation' is distinct from 'coping,' the latter being bare survival, while the former is a subjective experience of wellbeing, following changes in lifeways in response to social and/or ecological pressure. By analyzing adaptation from an Inupiat perspective, we will better understand how cultural subjectivities interact with disaster response to inform culturally-relevant adaptation strategies. The end of our analysis will be to triangulate these lines of inquiry to understand how cultural multiplicity and disaster response possibilities are interconnected in successful risk mitigation. This award is cofunded by the Prediction of and Resilience against Extreme Events (PREEVENTS) programThis award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.