Controlling Two Languages

控制两种语言

• 批准号: 1923065
• 负责人: Tamar Gollan
• 金额: $ 75.36万
• 依托单位: University of California-San Diego
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2019
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2019-09-01 至 2024-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1923065&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Controlling; Two; Languages

Over 20% of the US population speaks a language other than English at home and bilingualism has long been the norm outside the US. The value of knowing more than one language is becoming increasingly relevant as technology develops and US industry connects with individuals all over the world, even with just a handheld device. People who speak multiple languages have greater potential to connect with a broader audience or customer base. At the same time, research has demonstrated that knowledge of more than one language can change some aspects of native language use: the burden associated with bilingualism can lead to subtle but significant disadvantages in some aspects of cognitive performance (e.g., vocabulary), but to significant advantages in other aspects (e.g., resolving conflict, sustained focus of attention). Such differences have potentially serious implications in many settings, including educational and medical settings. For example, how should bilingual children best be served in school settings to enable them to learn English quickly while maintaining knowledge of their Heritage Language spoken in the home? What methods are best to pursue when attempting to identify learning disabilities in bilingual children? At the other end of the lifespan, in aging bilinguals, what is the best method for identifying current or possibly imminent cognitive decline? The proposed studies will investigate the consequences of bilingualism for language and cognitive processing by comparing bilinguals with monolinguals in a series of behavioral experiments designed to test how bilinguals choose which language they intend to speak and how this process is more generally related to choice behaviors. Bilinguals will read aloud sentences that mix languages, will be asked to switch between languages or between other (non-linguistic) tasks, name pictures in both languages, or translate between languages. Relationships among these tasks will be examined. A driving hypothesis underlying the current work is that 1) bilinguals maintain control over which language they speak at least in part by relying on cognitive abilities not related to language and 2) bilingual language use can improve general abilities related to rapid switching, monitoring, and resolving conflict between response alternatives (e.g., needing to avoid distraction). This hypothesis will be tested by examining how performance changes when more than one language must be controlled and whether training with language switching improves general cognitive abilities and vice versa (e.g., if managing response competition transfers across non-linguistic and linguistic tasks). These studies will clarify the relationship between bilingualism and cognitive test performance and establish conditions that minimize possible costs and maximize potential benefits of bilingualism. The proposed studies will develop theoretical models of cognitive control and bilingual language processing, which will lay the groundwork necessary to develop theory-driven approaches to assessment and treatment of cognitive and linguistic abilities of young and aging monolinguals and bilinguals alike.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.

超过20%的美国人在家里说英语以外的语言，双语长期以来一直是美国以外的标准。随着技术的发展，掌握一门以上语言的价值变得越来越重要，美国工业与世界各地的个人建立了联系，即使只是一个手持设备。会说多种语言的人有更大的潜力与更广泛的受众或客户群建立联系。与此同时，研究表明，掌握多种语言可以改变母语使用的某些方面：用途：与双语相关的负担可能会导致认知表现的某些方面出现微妙但显着的缺点（例如，词汇），但是在其它方面具有显著的优点（例如，解决冲突，持续关注）。这种差异在许多环境中，包括教育和医疗环境中可能产生严重影响。例如，在学校环境中如何最好地为双语儿童提供服务，使他们能够快速学习英语，同时保持他们在家中使用的传统语言的知识？当试图识别双语儿童的学习障碍时，什么方法是最好的？在寿命的另一端，对于老化的双语者，识别当前或可能即将发生的认知衰退的最佳方法是什么？拟议的研究将调查双语的语言和认知处理的后果，通过比较双语者与单语者在一系列的行为实验，旨在测试双语者如何选择他们打算说的语言，以及这个过程是如何更普遍地与选择行为。双语者会大声朗读混合语言的句子，会被要求在语言或其他（非语言）任务之间切换，用两种语言命名图片，或在语言之间翻译。将研究这些任务之间的关系。当前工作的一个驱动假设是：1）双语者至少部分地依靠与语言无关的认知能力来保持对他们所说的语言的控制; 2）双语语言使用可以提高与快速切换、监测和解决反应选择之间冲突有关的一般能力（例如，避免分心）。这一假设将通过检查当必须控制一种以上的语言时表现如何变化以及语言转换训练是否会提高一般认知能力，反之亦然（例如，如果管理响应竞争跨非语言和语言任务转移）。这些研究将澄清双语和认知测试表现之间的关系，并建立条件，最大限度地减少双语可能的成本和最大限度地提高双语的潜在利益。拟议的研究将发展认知控制和双语语言处理的理论模型，这将为发展理论奠定必要的基础-该奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并被认为是值得通过使用基金会的智力价值和更广泛的影响审查进行评估的支持的搜索.

项目成果

Older bilinguals reverse language dominance less than younger bilinguals: Evidence for the inhibitory deficit hypothesis.

• DOI: 10.1037/pag0000618
• 发表时间: 2021-11
• 期刊: Psychology and aging
• 影响因子: 3.7
• 作者: Stasenko A;Kleinman D;Gollan TH
• 通讯作者: Gollan TH

The MINT Sprint: Exploring a Fast Administration Procedure with an Expanded Multilingual Naming Test.

• DOI: 10.1017/s1355617721001004
• 发表时间: 2022-09
• 期刊: Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS
• 作者: Garcia DL;Gollan TH
• 通讯作者: Gollan TH

Translation Distractors Facilitate Production in Single- and Mixed-Language Picture Naming.

• DOI: 10.1080/23273798.2020.1852291
• 发表时间: 2021
• 期刊: LANGUAGE COGNITION AND NEUROSCIENCE
• 影响因子: 2.3
• 作者: Tomoschuk, Brendan;Ferreira, Victor S.;Gollan, Tamar H.
• 通讯作者: Gollan, Tamar H.

Selective activation of language specific structural representations: Evidence from extended picture-word interference

语言特定结构表征的选择性激活：来自扩展图词干扰的证据

• DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2021.104249
• 发表时间: 2021
• 期刊: Journal of Memory and Language
• 影响因子: 4.3
• 作者: Ahn, Danbi;Ferreira, Victor S.;Gollan, Tamar H.
• 通讯作者: Gollan, Tamar H.

Language of instruction affects language interference in the third language

教学语言影响第三语言的语言干扰

• DOI: 10.1017/s1366728921000043
• 发表时间: 2021
• 期刊: Bilingualism: Language and Cognition
• 作者: Tomoschuk, Brendan;Duyck, Wouter;Hartsuiker, Robert J.;Ferreira, Victor S.;Gollan, Tamar H.
• 通讯作者: Gollan, Tamar H.