Collaborative Research: Traversals in Transformation Strain Space and Microstructure Design for High Performance Ferroelastic Materials

非技术总结该奖项支持理论和计算研究，以研究由新理论和计算机模拟实现的新材料设计概念。该方法将重点放在一类重要的智能材料上-铁弹性智能材料，包括超弹性金属和形状记忆合金(SMA)。晶体可以在外加磁场，如温度、压力或应力、电场或磁场的作用下改变其结构。水晶具有这样一种特性，即对水晶进行一系列操作后，水晶看起来是一样的。例如，围绕立方体晶体的特定轴旋转90度，使原子旋转到以前原子占据的相同位置；因此，在这种对称操作下，晶体是相同的。由于这种晶体的对称性，与结构相变相关的变化可以导致多个等价的结构状态的产生。这些态通过多条等价的向前和向后相变路径相互连接。这些路径可以图形化地表示为形成称为相变图(PTG)的网络的图。晶体穿过PTG的方式决定了结构相变的所有“活”特征，这些特征支撑着铁弹性智能材料的实际重要性质。PTG分析为设计更智能的微结构提供了新的机会，晶体的结构在比原子尺度更大的尺度上，能够在适度放大下被看到。微观结构与材料的性能，特别是材料的机械性能密切相关。PI的目标是开发微结构设计，以获得具有前所未有的性能的材料。这项研究项目将在设计算法中利用PTG“基因网络”来“培育”新的内部微结构，以改善铁弹性智能材料的功能和性能。这项研究的成果可以使汽车、航空航天、微电子机械系统和生物医学植入物等领域的许多先进技术应用受益。PTG分析就像热力学中的相图一样，是智能材料设计的基本工具，它可以丰富材料科学和工程的本科生和研究生课程。智能材料的直观性及其酷炫的应用将有助于鼓励初中生进入理工科。新的合金设计策略、PTG分析和计算机模拟技术将在会议、在线教程和学术期刊上广泛传播。技术总结该奖项支持理论和计算研究，以研究由新理论和计算机模拟实现的新材料设计概念。基于无扩散相变的智能材料的性质和性能不仅取决于所涉及的单个晶体结构的对称性和沿单一相变路径(PTP)的对称性，而且还取决于它们的相变图(PTG)的拓扑和对称性。后者告诉我们父阶段和产品阶段的多种结构状态是如何相互联系的，以及在多个转换周期中系统可以访问哪些结构状态。PIS将探索合金设计思想，并将通过结合PTG分析、从头计算、动力学蒙特卡罗和相场模拟来解决科学问题。将解决的具体科学问题包括：(A)量化相互连接的路径和跃迁的自由能垒，包括可能改变PTG的拓扑结构并改变结构转变的基本特征从而改变智能材料的功能和性能的对称性决定的非PTP；(B)寻求以下问题的答案：在PTG上有偏见的随机行走对微结构演变和功能疲劳有什么影响？在PTG上分散后，有没有有效的方法将分散在不同空间位置的应变状态恢复到原来的状态，恢复原来的微观结构？(C)利用适当的浓度调制来调节马氏体相变，使线性超弹性材料具有大的弹性应变极限、消失的滞后和超低的伪弹性模数；(D)通过预测这些相变的激活应变量和混洗的预优势来表征这些相变的温度和速率依赖性。该项目的成功带来了改变铁弹性材料设计的希望。该奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的智力优势和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

NONTECHNICAL SUMMARYThis award supports theoretical and computational research to investigate new materials design concepts enabled by a new theory and computer simulations. The approach will be focused on an important class of smart materials – ferroelastic smart materials including superelastic metals and shape memory alloys (SMAs). Crystals can change their structures in response to an applied field, such as temperature, pressure or stress, electric or magnetic fields. Crystals have the property that sets of operations on a crystal leave the crystal looking the same. For example, 90-degree rotations around specific axes of a cubic crystal rotate atoms into the same positions previously occupied by atoms; the crystal is thus the same under such symmetry operations. Because of this crystal symmetry, changes associated with structural phase transformations can lead to the generation of multiple equivalent structural states. These states are interconnected by multiple equivalent forward and backward phase transformation pathways. These pathways can be represented pictorially as a graph that forms a web dubbed phase transformation graphs (PTGs). How a crystal traverses a PTG dictates all the “live” characteristics of structural phase transformations that underpin the practically important properties of a ferroelastic smart material. PTG analysis offers new opportunities to engineer smarter microstructures, the structure of crystals on scales larger than the atomic scale and able to be seen under modest magnification. Microstructures are connected to properties, particularly mechanical properties of materials. The PIs aim to develop microstructure designs that lead to materials with unprecedented properties. This research project will utilize the PTG "gene networks" in the design algorithms to "breed" new internal microstructures for improving functionality and performance of ferroelastic smart materials. The outcome of this research could benefit numerous advanced technological applications in automotive, aerospace, micro-electromechanical systems, and biomedical implants. The PTG analysis, just like phase diagrams in thermodynamics, is a fundamental tool in smart materials design and it can enrich undergraduate and graduate curricula in materials science and engineering. The intuitive nature of smart materials and their cool applications will help to encourage middle- and high-school students to enter science and engineering disciplines. The new alloy design strategies, PTG analysis and computer simulation techniques will be broadly disseminated at conferences, online tutorials, and in academic journals. TECHNICAL SUMMARYThis award supports theoretical and computational research to investigate new materials design concepts enabled by a new theory and computer simulations. It has yet to be recognized that the properties and performances of smart materials based on diffusionless transformations are dictated not only by the symmetry of the individual crystal structures involved and symmetry-breaking along a single phase transformation pathway (PTP), but also by the topology and symmetry of their phase transformation graphs (PTGs). The latter tells us how the multiple structural states of the parent and product phases are interconnected and what structural states could be visited by the system during multiple transformation cycles. The PIs will explore alloy design ideas and will address scientific issues by using a combination of PTG analysis, ab initio calculations, kinetic Monte Carlo, and phase field simulations. Specific scientific issues that will be addressed include: (a) Quantifying the connected pathways and free-energy barriers of transitions, including the symmetry-dictated non-PTPs that could alter the topology of PTGs and change the fundamental characteristics of the structural transformations and hence the functionality and performance of the smart materials; (b) Seeking answers for the following questions: What is the consequence of a biased random walk on PTG for microstructural evolution and functional fatigue? After dispersal on PTG, is there an effective way to “reset” the dispersed strain states at various spatial locations back to their original state and recover the original microstructure? (c) Making use of proper concentration modulations to regulate martensitic transformations and make linear super-elastic materials with large elastic strain limit, vanishing hysteresis, and ultralow pseudo-elastic modulus; (d) Characterizing the temperature- and rate-dependences of these transformations by predicting their activation strain-volume and pre-dominance of shuffling. Success of the project holds promise to transform ferroelastic materials design.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.