Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Award: Social and Ecological Effects of Cattle Introduction

博士论文改进奖：牛引进的社会和生态效应

• 批准号: 1930628
• 负责人: Katherine Emery
• 金额: $ 2.95万
• 依托单位: University of Florida
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2019
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2019-08-01 至 2022-07-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1930628&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Doctoral; Dissertation; Improvement; Award; Social

When Europeans arrived to the Americas in the late 1500s, they introduced many organisms unknown to the "newly discovered" continent. The most impactful of these organisms was the domestic cow, the raising of which dramatically changed landscapes, animal management, and interactions among people. The biological consequence of the European colonialism, and in particular the introduction of cattle, constitutes a major event of human history that definitively shaped the modern world. In this study, archaeological remains of colonial period cattle are analyzed to better understand the effects of this introduction not only on the cattle themselves, but also on the development of the diverse colonial societies of Mesoamerica and the Caribbean during the two first centuries of Spanish rule. Archaeology, and more particularly zooarchaeology is particularly well placed to explore this topic because it provides a direct analysis of the fine-grained processes that affected the animals' biology and behavior but also how their management affected human social systems. Archaeological remains from five early colonial sites from Mexico, Guatemala, and Haiti, dating between the early 16th and the late 17th centuries, will be studied to identify the geographic origins of the animals (ancient DNA), their morphological diversity (skeletal morphometrics), and their demographic and health structure (age/sex and pathologies of the individuals within each population). Together these lines of evidence will provide an image of how the first colonists brought, traded and exchanged these animals. Cattle raising represented, and still represents in many regions of the Americas including the US, a crucial aspect of culture and economics. Studying the first steps of the implementation of cattle raising will shed a new light on the pivotal role played by domestic animals such as cattle in the early colonization of the Americas. This project is also a methodological contribution to the field by constituting the first use of combined archaeological genomics and morphological traits to document the history trajectory of colonial faunas in the Americas. Collaborations among US, Mexican and Guatemalan researchers, as well as lectures and museum exhibits will provide information and encourage discussion among the international audience of archaeologists, biologists, and cattle-owners. To address the question of how the transplantation and exploitation of cattle transformed both cattle and human populations in the Caribbean and Mesoamerica during the early Spanish colonial period, the research project will use three methodological approaches: (1) extraction and sequencing of ancient DNA from archaeological cow remains will clarify the origins and phylogeographic history of New World colonial cattle. (2) Geometric morphometric (GMM) data will define the regional and temporal variability of cow molar shape as a proxy for cattle morphotype diversity. These two lines of evidence will reveal the composition of the original populations of Spanish colonial cattle, highlight whether the animals were brought from Europe or Africa, and clarify the chronology of these introductions across the study region. (3) Finally, zooarchaeological markers of age and sex will document cattle herd demographics, and paleopathological indicators of health will illustrate the impact of diverse cattle husbandry practices.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.

当欧洲人在16世纪末到达美洲时，他们引入了许多“新发现”大陆未知的生物。这些生物中最具影响力的是家养奶牛，它的饲养极大地改变了景观，动物管理和人与人之间的互动。欧洲殖民主义的生物学后果，特别是牛的引入，构成了人类历史上的一个重大事件，决定性地塑造了现代世界。在这项研究中，考古遗址的殖民时期的牛进行了分析，以更好地了解这种引进不仅对牛本身的影响，而且对中美洲和加勒比地区的不同殖民地社会的发展在两个第一世纪的西班牙统治。考古学，特别是动物考古学，特别适合探索这个主题，因为它提供了一个直接的分析，影响动物的生物学和行为的细粒度过程，以及它们的管理如何影响人类社会系统。来自墨西哥，危地马拉和海地的五个早期殖民地遗址的考古遗迹，可追溯到16世纪初和17世纪末，将被研究以确定动物的地理起源（古代DNA），它们的形态多样性（骨骼形态学）以及它们的人口和健康结构（每个种群中个体的年龄/性别和病理）。这些证据将提供第一批殖民者如何带来，交易和交换这些动物的图像。在包括美国在内的美洲许多地区，养牛代表了文化和经济的一个重要方面。研究实施养牛的第一步将使人们对家畜（如牛）在美洲早期殖民中所起的关键作用有新的认识。该项目也是对该领域的方法学贡献，首次使用考古基因组学和形态特征相结合的方法来记录美洲殖民动物群的历史轨迹。美国，墨西哥和危地马拉研究人员之间的合作，以及讲座和博物馆展览将提供信息，并鼓励考古学家，生物学家和牛主的国际观众之间的讨论。为了解决在西班牙殖民时期早期，牛的移植和利用如何改变加勒比和中美洲的牛和人类种群的问题，该研究项目将使用三种方法：（1）从考古牛遗骸中提取和测序古代DNA将澄清新世界殖民牛的起源和地理历史。(2)几何形态测量（GMM）数据将定义牛磨牙形状的区域和时间变化作为牛形态多样性的代理。这两条证据线将揭示西班牙殖民牛的原始种群的组成，突出这些动物是从欧洲还是非洲带来的，并澄清这些引入整个研究区域的时间顺序。(3)最后，年龄和性别的动物考古学标记将记录牛群人口统计学，健康的古病理学指标将说明不同养牛实践的影响。该奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并已被认为是值得通过使用基金会的智力价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估的支持。

项目成果

Humans and animals in the Postclassic Cuchumatanes: the archaeological fauna from Chiantla Viejo (Huehuetenango, Guatemala)

后古典库丘马塔内斯中的人类和动物：Chiantla Viejo（危地马拉韦韦特南戈）的考古动物群

• DOI: 10.15366/archaeofauna2021.30.001
• 发表时间: 2021
• 期刊: Archaeofauna
• 作者: DEL SOL, NICOLAS;CASTILLO, VICTOR
• 通讯作者: CASTILLO, VICTOR

Disassembling cattle and enskilling subjectivities: Butchering techniques and the emergence of new colonial subjects in Santiago de Guatemala

• DOI: 10.1177/1469605320906910
• 发表时间: 2020-02-18
• 期刊: JOURNAL OF SOCIAL ARCHAEOLOGY
• 影响因子: 1.2
• 作者: Delsol, Nicolas