CPS: Small: Naming, Twinning and Observing - Towards Scalable, Reliable and Resilient CPS

物联网（IoT）越来越多地用于控制可能对人类健康或财产造成严重危害的系统，取代更传统的硬连线系统，用于控制建筑物，提醒当局火灾和气体泄漏或管理铁路系统。即使物理环境发生变化，传感器和执行器被更换，这种系统也可能运行数年。例如，梅里马克山谷气体爆炸和巴黎圣母院火灾都可能是物联网/CPS系统在关键时刻发生故障或误导操作人员造成的，或使情况变得更糟。今天，这样的系统编程很容易出错，特别是如果设备和网络会随着时间的推移而变化。此外，测试这样的系统和培训操作员比常规的信息技术系统要困难得多，因为人们不能轻易地重现危险或罕见的物理条件，如气体超压或火灾，也不能确定如果用新模型替换传感器会发生什么，网络被重新设计以使用不同的网络地址或时间同步失败。改进的可编程性和更好的测试将帮助工程师设计更可靠的物联网/CPS系统，并预测其行为，从而减少灾难性故障的可能性。该项目旨在通过两种方式提高物联网（IoT）和网络物理系统的可靠性：首先，通过创建命名和目录机制，允许程序员创建可靠的软件来控制这些系统，通过避免依赖低级名称，如MAC（以太网）或网络（IP）地址，从而使其更容易推断系统属性。该项目设想创建一个命名和目录机制，该机制可以提供各种逻辑命名机制，包括管理层次结构、地理空间关系、公民地址、功能和访问权限。该项目的第二部分将开发一个名为FuzzIoT的大规模异构物联网/CPS模拟器。该系统将网络仿真与仿真、关键网络和系统特性的自动模糊（随机变化）和物理组件建模相结合。例如，领域专家可以注入建筑物或车辆的物理驱动的时间依赖行为，这些行为可以来自模型或现实世界的测量。仿真器将被设计为集成真实世界的组件，并允许集成约束和断言。该仿真器可用于软件开发、系统保证和操作人员培训。该项目包括多个更广泛的影响，包括将研究成果整合到物联网标准中的可能性。该奖项反映了美国国家科学基金会的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

The Internet of Things (IoT) is increasingly used to control systems that can cause serious harm to human health or damage property, replacing more traditional hardwired systems for controlling buildings, alerting authorities to fire and gas leaks or managing rail systems. Such systems also likely operate for years, even as the physical environment changes and sensors and actuators are replaced. For example, both the Merrimack Valley gas explosion and the Notre Dame fire may have been partially caused or made worse by IoT/CPS systems that either malfunctioned or misled the operators at crucial instants. Today, programming such systems is error-prone, particularly if devices and networks can change over time. Also, testing such systems and training operators is much more difficult than for regular information technology systems, as one cannot easily reproduce dangerous or rare physical conditions such as gas over-pressure or a fire or determine what would happen if a sensor is replaced with a new model, the network is re-engineered to use different network addresses or time synchronization fails. Improved programmability and better testing will help engineers design more dependable IoT/CPS systems and predict their behavior and thus reduce the likelihood of catastrophic failures.The project aims to improve dependability of Internet of Things (IoT) and cyberphysical systems in two ways: first, by creating a naming and directory mechanism that allows programmers to create reliable software for controlling such systems, by avoiding reliance on low-level names such as MAC (Ethernet) or network (IP) addresses and thus making it easier to reason about system properties. The project envisions creating a naming and directory mechanism that can provide a variety of logical naming mechanisms, including administrative hierarchies, geospatial relationships, civic addresses, function and access rights. The second part of the project will develop an emulator for large-scale heterogeneous IoT/CPS called FuzzIoT. This system will combine network emulation and simulation, automated fuzzing (random variation) of key network and system characteristics, and the modeling of physical components. For example, domain experts can inject the physics-driven time-dependent behavior of buildings or vehicles, either derived from models or real-world measurements. The emulator will be designed to integrate real-world components, and allow the integration of constraints and assertions. The emulator is envisioned to be useful for software development, system assurance and operator training. The project includes multiple broader impacts including the potential for integration of the research artifacts into IoT standards.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.