Collaborative Research: Effects of cross-race contact on perceptual expertise, expectancies, and individuated face processing

合作研究：跨种族接触对感知专业知识、期望和个性化面部处理的影响

基本信息

批准号：
1946788
负责人：
Joshua Correll
金额：
$ 34.23万
依托单位：
University of Colorado at Boulder
依托单位国家：
美国
项目类别：
Standard Grant
财政年份：
2020
资助国家：
美国
起止时间：
2020-07-01 至 2024-06-30
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1946788&HistoricalAwards=false
关键词：
Collaborative Research Effects cross race

项目摘要

Most people know from their own experience that it is harder to recognize someone of a different race than it is to recognize someone who belongs to one’s own racial group. We call this phenomenon the cross-race recognition deficit (or CRD). The CRD is a robust effect which has been studied all over the world. It influences both White people trying to remember Black faces, but also Black people trying to remember White faces, and both groups trying to remember Asian faces. The team will investigate two psychological processes that may contribute to the CRD. First, people may fail to pick up on useful information in cross-race faces because they are untrained at finding the right kinds of information in those faces. Second, people may harbor an expectation that faces, in general, should look like faces from their own racial group, leading them to see cross-race faces as inherently foreign. In addition, the team will examine natural variation in cross-race contact which may underlie CRD, and will implement focused training with cross-race faces which will be delivered online or through a smartphone application. In this study, the team hopes to (a) shed light on a robust, important phenomenon that affects how people see one another, (b) examine a strategy to improve cross-race recognition, and (c) introduce improved tools (like a smartphone app) and measures that will be available for free to scientists and lay people alike.In this set of studies, the researchers will examine (a) the CRD, (b) the relationship between the CRD and the extent of an individual’s contact or experience with members of other racial groups, as well as (c) the cognitive operations that give rise to both the CRD and its relationship to contact. The work will leverage two prominent theories of visual processing – perceptual learning and predictive coding – to make predictions about the CRD, a phenomenon with far-reaching social psychological and societal consequences. Aim 1 of this proposal tests a theoretical model (Correll, Hudson, Guillermo, & Earls, 2016) which argues that the relationship between cross-race contact and the CRD is mediated by changes in (a) perceptual learning, which allows the perceiver to more efficaciously encode individuating information from the kinds of faces that a perceiver typically encounters; and (b) expectancies about what a face should look like, which again reflect the perceiver’s social experience. In Aim 2, the team turns to the question of how the CRD impacts generalization from one face to another. For example, if a participant learns that one member of a group is friendly (or unfriendly), does that information generalize to other members of the group? Robust theoretical arguments contend that similarity between stimuli should promote generalization, and the CRD – at its heart – reflects the perception of similarity among cross-race faces. The scientific impacts of this work are numerous: It will integrate vision science and social psychology, and explore an unusual method for reducing prejudice and stereotyping. Furthermore, the team will develop a free face-training smartphone application that will be available for researchers to use. The broader impacts of the work are also wide ranging: The CRD has many consequences outside the laboratory (e.g., eye-witness testimony, interpersonal interactions), and this project will investigate ways to reduce CRD. The team will develop and validate a free app that will be available to lay people who want to practice cross-race face recognition. In addition, given a diverse group of undergraduate research assistants at both institutions, this work will expose under-represented populations to the type of science from which these groups are often excluded.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.

大多数人从自己的经验中知道，很难认识到一个不同种族的人与认识属于自己的种族群体的人。我们将这种现象称为跨种族识别防御（或CRD）。 CRD是一种强大的效果，在世界范围内已经研究了。它影响了两个试图记住黑色面孔的白人，但黑人也试图记住白脸，两个群体都试图记住亚洲的面孔。团队将调查可能有助于CRD的两个心理过程。首先，人们可能无法在交叉竞赛面孔中获取有用的信息，因为他们未能在这些面孔中找到正确的信息。其次，人们可能会怀有一个期望，总的来说，面对自己的种族群体的面孔应该像面孔一样，导致他们将跨赛的面孔视为天生的外国面孔。此外，该团队将检查可能是CRD的跨种族联系人的自然变化，并将通过跨赛面孔实施专注的培训，这些培训将在线或通过智能手机应用程序提供。在这项研究中，团队希望（a）阐明一种稳健，重要的现象，影响人们如何看待彼此，（b）检查一种策略来改善交叉竞争的识别，（c）引入改进的工具（例如智能手机应用程序）（例如智能手机应用程序），以及可以自由地向科学家和外行的人提供的措施。与其他种族组成员以及（c）引起CRD及其与接触关系的认知行动的经验。这项工作将利用两种著名的视觉处理理论 - 感知学习和预测编码 - 对CRD进行预测，CRD是具有深远的社会心理和社会后果的现象。该提案的目标1测试了一个理论模型（Correll，Hudson，Guillermo和Earls，2016年），该模型表明，交叉竞争接触与CRD之间的关系是由（a）感知学习的变化介导的，这使感知者可以从感知者中更有效地从各种面孔中编码个性化信息，从而使人们受到感知者无关的概述；（b）对面孔应该看起来的期望，这再次反映了感知者的社交经历。在AIM 2中，团队转向了CRD如何影响从一张脸到另一张面孔的概括的问题。例如，如果参与者得知小组的一个成员是友好的（或不友好的），那么该信息是否会推广到小组的其他成员？强大的理论论点认为，刺激之间的相似性应促进概括，而CRD（核心）反映了跨种族面孔之间相似性的看法。这项工作的科学影响很多：它将融合视觉科学和社会心理学，并探索一种不寻常的方法来减少偏见和刻板印象。此外，该团队将开发免费的面部训练智能手机应用程序，可供研究人员使用。这项工作的更广泛影响也广泛：CRD在实验室之外有许多后果（例如，眼神证词，人际关系互动），该项目将研究减少CRD的方法。该团队将开发和验证一个免费的应用程序，该应用程序将适用于想要练习交叉面部识别的外行人。此外，鉴于这两个机构中的一群潜水员的本科研究助理群体，这项工作将使代表性不足的人群经常被排除在科学类型中。该奖项反映了NSF的法定任务，并被认为是通过基金会的知识分子优点和更广泛影响的评估审查审查标准来通过评估来获得的支持。