Training, Cognitive Control, and Racial Bias in the Decision to Shoot

拍摄决定中的训练、认知控制和种族偏见

• 批准号: 0642580
• 负责人: Joshua Correll
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: University of Chicago
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Continuing Grant
• 财政年份: 2007
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2007-06-01 至 2011-05-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0642580&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Training; Cognitive; Control; Racial; Bias

This research explores racial bias in police officers' decisions to shoot by focusing on the impact of training and the importance of complexity of training stimuli. Racial biases influence police officers' willingness and readiness to shoot suspects. The investigators employ a videogame to examine racial bias in shoot/don't-shoot decisions with Black and White suspects who are either armed or unarmed. The experimental paradigm involves the presentation of images of men standing or crouching in various positions against several complicated backgrounds. Participants must identify a small object in the target's hand. Results of these exercises show that participants respond more quickly to targets consistent with stereotypes (armed Blacks, unarmed Whites) than to counter-stereotypic targets (armed Whites, and unarmed Blacks). In addition, these results show that participants set a more lenient threshold for the decision to shoot Black rather than White targets. That is, they are more willing to open fire when the target is Black. Importantly, the PIs' recent work shows that training minimizes racial bias in the Signal Detection threshold such that novices show pronounced bias, but highly trained individuals (police & "expert" participants) do not. Interestingly, training does not affect bias in reaction times as experts and novices both respond more slowly to counter-stereotypic than to stereotypic targets. It therefore seems that experts show some evidence of stereotype-based processing (which delays their responses to counter-stereotypic targets), but that their training enables them to override these stereotypes and, ultimately, execute decisions that are not affected by race. This research seeks to examine the processes through which training may reduce bias. The PIs contend that experts learn to extract task-relevant information from the visual field and use it to guide their decisions. The first section of the research program tests whether training can promote attention and effort. In the second section, whether training (and the control it fosters) can override racial stereotypes is examined. The final set of studies attempts to impair cognitive control through cognitive load, fatigue and fear. By compromising the mechanisms through which training operates, these manipulations should exacerbate bias even among experts. Findings should provide evidence of the conditions under which police officers' capacities are most likely to be impaired. The issues under consideration in this research are interesting and important and the findings are likely to have a significant impact in real-world settings. Together with the obvious educational impacts, the work has important implications for training programs in various domains.

这项研究探讨了警察决定射击的决定和训练刺激复杂性的重要性，以射击。 种族偏见会影响警察愿意射击嫌疑人的意愿和愿意。 调查人员采用电子游戏来检查射击/不进行武装或无武装的黑白嫌疑人的射击/不进行决定。 实验范式涉及在几个复杂的背景下呈现在各种位置的男人的图像。参与者必须在目标手中识别一个小物体。这些练习的结果表明，参与者对与刻板印象（武装黑人，手无寸铁的白人）一致的目标的反应要快，而不是针对反型型目标（武装白人和无武装的黑人）。此外，这些结果表明，参与者为决定射击黑色而不是白色目标的决定设定了更宽大的阈值。也就是说，当目标是黑色时，他们更愿意开火。重要的是，PIS最近的工作表明，培训最大程度地减少了信号检测阈值的种族偏见，因此新手表现出明显的偏见，但训练有素的人（警察和“专家”参与者）却没有。 有趣的是，培训不会影响反应时间的偏见，因为专家和新手对反式型的反应较慢，而不是刻板印象目标。因此，专家似乎显示了一些基于刻板印象的处理的证据（这延迟了对反型目标的反应），但是他们的培训使他们能够覆盖这些刻板印象，并最终执行不受种族影响的决策。 这项研究旨在检查培训可以减少偏见的过程。 PI认为专家学会从视野中提取与任务相关的信息，并使用它来指导他们的决策。 研究计划的第一部分测试培训是否可以促进关注和努力。在第二部分中，是否可以检查培训（及其促进者的控制）是否可以覆盖种族刻板印象。最后一组研究试图通过认知负荷，疲劳和恐惧来损害认知控制。通过损害培训运作的机制，这些操纵甚至在专家中也会加剧偏见。 调查结果应提供证据证明警察最有可能受到损害的条件。 这项研究中所考虑的问题很有趣，很重要，发现可能会在现实世界中产生重大影响。 加上明显的教育影响，这项工作对各个领域的培训计划具有重要意义。